?_Y’’’’’vI@l„Œ¦5#Chattha Sangayana CD - Help Topics/&;)z4‹V9Vōséew’’Æ’’’’|CONTEXTŠv|CTXOMAP–n|FONT&m|SYSTEM|TOPICˆ|TTLBTREE”n-#*0VÓ8^DÓ8’’ K-#4żZ[Ó8cDÓ8’’%~-#‚4żĀÓ8ŹHÓ8’’¬T?PØ’’’’HO?Pņš-#­² Ó8 IÓ8’’ŚT?P©’’’’~T?PÖ-#Śļ‡ Ó8IÓ8’’U?PŖ’’’’¬T?P -# Ģ Ó8ŌIÓ8’’6U?P«’’’’ŚT?P.-#>5õ Ó8żIÓ8’’W?P¬’’’’U?PR-#4żnŲÓ8ąGÓ8’’’U?Pŗ’’’’ĀS?P’-#–4żÓ8 HÓ8’’ĄU?P»’’’’dU?P÷ -#ĮʱÓ8¹HÓ8’’īU?P¼’’’’’U?Pź-#īč Ó8IÓ8’’–\?P½’’’’ĄU?Pż-#ž°Ó8øHÓ8’’JV?PŅ’’’’:.?PB-#R64 Ó8€€„E€€€ €€ €‚’3. In the verbs listed above bh±sa, paca, kasa etc. are verbal bases and -ti is the present tense, third person, singular termination.‘bĀ‰‹/ .€Ä€ą„E€€ €‚’The present tense, third person, plural is formed by adding the termination -nti to the base.0 ‰ŠJ‹% €€ ‚`€‚’Singulari<‹³‹- *€x€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’bh±sati- He speakspacati- He cookskasati- He ploughs. J‹į‹% €€ ‚`€ ‚’PluraloB³‹PŒ- *€„€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’bh±santi- They speakpacanti- They cookkasanti- They ploughJ%į‹šŒ% €J€Pä€ ‚’4. Examples in sentence formation'čPŒĮ? L€Ń€PĄB‚`€‚€ ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚€‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Naro bh±sati- The man speaks.2. M±tulo pacati- The uncle cooks.3. Kassako kasati- The farmer ploughs.Plural1. Nar± bh±santi- Men speak.2. M±tul± pacanti- Uncles cook.3. Kassak± kasanti- Farmers plough.2 šŒó% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 1>Į1Ž% €2€Pä€ ‚’Translate into English}F󍮏7 <€€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Bh³p±lo bhuńjati.2. Putt± sayanti.3. V±ŗij± sayanti.4. Buddho passati.5. Kum±ro dh±vati.6. M±tulo kasati.7. Br±hmaŗ± bh±santi.8. Mitt± gacchanti.9. Kassak± pacanti.10. Manusso chindati.11. Puris± dh±vanti.12. Sah±yako bhuńjati.13. Tath±gato bh±sati.14. Naro pacati.15. Sah±y± kasanti.16. Sugato ±gacchati.?1Ž Ą% €4€Pä€ ‚’6. Translate into P±li® Ą a*®mĮ7 <€U€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Sons run.2. The uncle sees.3. The Buddha comes.4. Boys eat.5. Merchants go.6. The man sleeps.7. Kings go.8. The brahmin cuts.9. Friends speak.10. The farmer ploughs.11. The merchant comes.12. Sons cut.13. Uncles speak.14. The boy runs.15. The friend speaks.16. The Buddha sees.0 ĄĮ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 25mĮŅĮ% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyH ĮĀ( €@€ ‚`€€ ‚’Masculine nouns ending in -a¬ŅĮĘƛ #€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ‚€ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’dhamma- the doctrine, truthbhatta- riceodana- cooked riceg±ma- villagesuriya- suncanda- moonkukkura/sunakha/soŗa- dogvih±ra- monasterypatta- bowl±v±µa- pitpabbata- mountainy±caka- beggarsig±la- jackalrukkha- tree-ĀóĆ% €€ ‚`€‚’VerbsqńĘĆdŀ Ī€ć€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚’harati- carries, takes away±harati- brings±ruhati- climbs, ascendsoruhati- descendsy±cati- begskhaŗati- digsvijjhati- shootspaharati- hits, strikesrakkhati- protectsvandati- worships, salutesc;óĆĒÅ( €v€P䀀‚’2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)g?dÅ.Ē( €€Pä‚`€ ‚’Accusative case - The case ending -½ is added to the nominal base to form the accusative singular number. The case ending -e is added to the nominal base to form the accusative case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the object of a sentence. The goal of motion is also expressed by the accusative case.0 ĒÅ^Ē% €€ ‚`€ ‚’SingularuH.ĒÓĒ- *€€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’1. nara + ½= nara½2. m±tula + ½= m±tula½3. kassaka + ½= kassaka½. ^ĒČ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Plurali<ÓĒjČ- *€x€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’nara + e= narem±tula + e= m±tulekassaka + e= kassakeJ%Č“Č% €J€Pä€ ‚’3. Examples in sentence formation/ jČćČ$ €€ą€‚’SingularŽ­“ČĮÉ1 0€[€PĄB‚`€€ ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’1. Putto nara½ passati- The son sees the man.2. Br±hmaŗo m±tula½ rakkhati-The brahmin protects the uncle.3. V±ŗijo kassaka½ paharati- The merchant hits the farmer.- ćČīÉ$ €€ą€‚’PluralɘĮÉ·Ź1 0€1€PĄB‚`€€ ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’1. Putt± nare passanti- Sons see men.2. Br±hmaŗ± m±tule rakkhanti- Brahmins protect uncles.3. V±ŗij± kassake paharanti- Merchants hit farmers.2 īÉéŹ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 2A·Ź*Ė% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into EnglishāéŹDĶ8 >€Å€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Tath±gato dhamma½ bh±sati.2. Br±hmaŗ± odana½ bhuńjanti.3. Manusso suriya½ passati.4. Kum±r± sig±le paharanti.5. Y±cak± bhatta½ y±canti.6. Kassak± ±v±µe khaŗanti.7. Mitto g±ma½ ±gacchati.8. Bh³p±lo manusse rakkhati.9. Putt± pabbata½ gacchanti.10. Kum±ro Buddha½ vandati.11. V±ŗij± patte ±haranti.12. Puriso vih±ra½ gacchati.13. Kukkur± pabbata½ dh±vanti.14. Sig±l± g±ma½ ±gacchanti.15. Br±hmaŗ± sah±yake ±haranti.16. Bh³p±l± sugata½ vandanti.17. Y±cak± sayanti.ą*ĖSĪ/ ,€Į€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’18. Mitt± sunakhe haranti.19. Putto canda½ passati.20. Kassako g±ma½ dh±vati.21. V±ŗij± rukkhe chindanti.22. Naro sig±la½ vijjhati.23. Kum±ro odana½ bhuńjati.24. Y±cako soŗa½ paharati.25. Sah±yak± pabbate ±ruhanti.>DĶ‘Ī% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li+ņSĪČ9 @€å€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Men go to the monastery.2. Farmers climb mountains.3. The brahmin eats rice.4. The Buddha sees the boys.5. Uncles take away bowls.6. The son protects the dog.7. The king worships the Buddha.8. The merchant brings a boy.9. Friends salute the brahmin.10. Beggars beg rice.11. Merchants shoot jackal‘ĪČ s.12. Boys climb the mountain.13. The farmer runs to the village.14. The merchant cooks rice.15. Sons worship the uncle.16. Kings protect men.17. The Buddha comes to the monastery.żĢ‘ĪÅ1 0€™€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’18. The men descend.19. Farmers dig pits.20. The merchant runs.21. The dog sees the moon.22. Boys climb trees.23. The brahmin brings the bowl.24. The beggar sleeps.25. The king sees the Buddha.0 Čõ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 35Å*% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyH õr( €@€ ‚`€€ ‚’Masculine nouns ending in -ać4*UÆ ,i€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’ratha- vehicle, chariotsakaµa- carthattha- handp±da- footmagga- pathd²pa- island, lamps±vaka- disciplesamaŗa- recluse, monksagga- heavenassa- horsemiga- deersara- arrowp±s±ŗa- rock, stonekakaca- sawkhagga- swordcora- thiefpaŗ¹ita- wise manb:r·( €t€P䀀‚’2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)V.U ( €]€Pä‚`€ ‚’Instrumental case - The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea 'by', 'with' or 'through'.¹~·Ę; D€ż€ą€‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚€ ‚’Singularnara + ena= narena(by means of the man)m±tula + ena= m±tulena(with the uncle)kassaka + ena= kassakena(through the farmer)Pluralnara + ehi= narehi (narebhi)m±tula + ehi= m±tulehi (m±tulebhi)kassaka + ehi= kassakehi (kassakebhi)Saddhi½ / saha meaning 'with' is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.I$ % €H€Pä€ ‚’3. Examples in sentence formationŻĘ- A P€»€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Samaŗo narena saddhi½ g±ma½ gacchati.The monk goes to the village with the man.2. Putto m±tulena saha canda½ passati.The son sees the moon with his uncle.3. Kassako kakacena rukkha½ chindati.The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.Plural1. Samaŗ± narehi saddhi½ g±ma½ gacchanti.Monks go to the village with men.2. Putt± m±tulehi saha canda½ passanti.Sons see the moon with uncles.3. Kassak± kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.Farmers cut trees with saws.2 _ % €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 3A-   % €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into Englishą_ “ 4 6€Į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Buddho s±vakehi saddhi½ vih±ra½ gacchati.2. Puriso puttena saha d²pa½ dh±vati.3. Kassako sarena sig±la½ vijjhati.4. Br±hmaŗ± m±tulena saha pabbata½ ±ruhanti.5. Putt± p±dehi kukkure paharanti.6. M±tulo puttehi saddhi½ rathena g±ma½ ±gacchati.7. Kum±r± hatthehi patte ±haranti.8. Coro maggena assa½ harati.9. Kassako ±v±µa½ oruhati.10. Bh³p±l± paŗ¹itehi saha samaŗe passanti.11. Paŗ¹ito bh³p±lena saha Tath±gata½ vandati.12. Putt± sah±yena saddhi½ odana½ bhuńjanti.'ņ  Ū5 8€å€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’13. Vaŗijo p±s±ŗena miga½ paharati.14. Sunakh± p±dehi ±v±µe khaŗanti.15. Br±hmaŗo puttena saha suriya½ vandati.16. Kassako soŗehi saddhi½ rukkhe rakkhanti.17. Sugato s±vakehi saha vih±ra½ ±gacchati.18. Y±cako pattena bhatta½ ±harati.19. Paŗ¹it± sagga½ gacchanti.20. Kum±r± assehi saddhi½ g±ma½ dh±vanti.21. Coro khaggena nara½ paharati.22. V±ŗijo sakaµena dipe ±harati.23. Ass± maggena dh±vanti.24. Sig±l± migehi saddhi½ pabbata½ dh±vanti.25. Bh³p±lo paŗ¹itena saha manusse rakkhati.>“ % €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±liėŪCA3 4€×€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.4. The boy hits the lamp with a CA stone.5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.9. The king protects the island with wise men.10. Kings worship monks with their sons.11. Thieves bring horses to the island.!īdC3 4€Ż€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’12. Disciples climb mountains with men.13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.17. The son brings rice in a bowl.18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.¦|CA D* $€ų€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚’23. The man carries a saw in his hand.24. Recluses go to heaven.25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.0 dC:D% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 45 DoD% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyH :D·D( €@€ ‚`€€ ‚’Masculine nouns ending in -a­oDdF• ų€1€PĄB‚+€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’dh²vara- fishermanmaccha- fishpiµaka- basketamacca- ministerup±saka- lay devoteep±s±da- palaced±raka- childs±µaka- garmentrajaka- washermansappa- serpentpańha- questionsuka / suva- parrotsop±na- stairways³kara / var±ha- pig-·D‘F% €€ ‚`€‚’VerbsfędF÷G€ Ī€Ķ€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚’patati- fallsdhovati- washesicchati- wishes, desires¹asati- bitespucchati- questionspakkosati- calls, summonskh±dati- eatshanati- killsotarati- descendsnikkhamati- leaves, sets outc;‘FZH( €v€P䀀‚’2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, (contd.)śŅ÷GTI( €„€Pä‚`€ ‚’Ablative case - Case endings -± / -mh± / -sm± are added to the nominal base to form the ablative singular. Case ending -ehi is added to form the ablative plural; -ebhi is an archaic ending that is also used./ ZHƒI$ €€ą€‚’Singular%éTIØJ< F€Ó€PĄB„ß€ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒ€‚’1. nara + ± / mh± / sm±= nar± / naramh± / narasm±(From the man)2. m±tula + ± / mh± / sm±= m±tul± / m±tulamh± / m±tulasm±(From the uncle)3. kassaka + ± / mh± / sm±= kassak± / kassakamh± / kassakasm±(From the farmer)- ƒIÕJ$ €€ą€‚’Pluralź«ØJæK? L€W€PĄB‚`€ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚’1. nara + ehi= narehi (narebhi)(From men)2. m±tula + ehi= m±tulehi (m±tulebhi)(From uncles)3. kassaka + ehi= kassakehi (kassakebhi)(From farmers)I$ÕJL% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formationč§æKšMA P€O€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Y±cako naramh± bhatta½ y±cati.The beggar asks for rice from the man.2. Putto m±tulamh± pańha½ pucchati.The son asks a question from the uncle.3. Kassako rukkhasm± patati.The farmer falls from the tree.Plural1. Y±cak± narehi bhatta½ y±canti.Beggars ask for rice from men.2. Putt± m±tulehi pańhe pucchanti.Sons ask questions from uncles.3. Kassak± rukkhehi patanti.Farmers fall from trees.2 L"N% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 4AšMcN% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into EnglishL%"NÆN' €J€PĄB‚`€ ‚’1. Cor± g±mamh± pabbata½ dh±vanti.2żcNķ€5 8€ū€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’2. D±rako m±tulasm± odana½ y±cati.3. Kum±ro sop±namh± patati.4. M±tul± s±µake dhovanti.5. Dh²var± piµakehi macche ±haranti.6. Up±sak± samaŗehi saddhi½ vih±rasm± nikkhamanti.7. Br±hmaŗo kakacena rukkha½ chindati.8. Kum±r± mittehi saha bh³p±la½ passanti.9. V±ŗijo assena saddhi½ÆNķ€ pabbatasm± oruhati.10. Y±cako kassakasm± soŗa½ y±cati.11. Sapp± pabbatehi g±ma½ otaranti.12. Amacc± sarehi mige vijjhanti.13. Coro g±mamh± sakaµena s±µake harati.14. Bh³p±lo amaccehi saddhi½ rathena p±s±da½ ±gacchati.ŃžÆN¾‚3 4€=€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’15. S³kar± p±dehi ±v±µe khaŗanti.16. Kum±ro sah±yakehi saha s±µake dhovati.17. Samaŗ± g±mamh± up±sakehi saddhi½ nikkhamanti.18. Kukkuro piµakamh± maccha½ kh±dati.19. Mitto puttamh± sunakha½ y±cati.20. Buddho s±vake pucchati.21. Amacc± paŗ¹itehi pańhe pucchanti.22. Rajako sah±yena saha s±µaka½ dhovati.23. Macch± piµakamh± patanti.24. Cor± p±s±ŗehi var±he paharanti.25. Amacco p±s±damh± suva½ ±harati.>ķ€ü‚% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li ×¾‚…2 2€Æ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Horses run from the village to the mountain.2. Merchants come from the island to the monastery with lay devotees.3. Thieves shoot pigs with arrows.4. The lay devotee questions (about) the dhamma from the recluse.5. The child falls from the rock with a friend.6. The dog bites the child.7. Ministers set out from the palace with the king.8. The man brings a deer from the island.9. The farmer gets down from the tree.10. Dogs run along the road with horses.Żü‚‡2 2€»€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’11. Boys take away lamps from merchants.12. The thief gets down from the stairway.13. Merchants bring parrots from mountains.14. The horse hits the serpent with its foot.15. The uncle, with his friends, sees recluses from the mountains.16. Merchants bring horses to the palace from the island.17. The minister questions the thief.18. The farmer eats rice with the washerman.19. The child falls from the stairway.20. The fisherman climbs the mountain with his uncle.’Ķ…‰2 2€›€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’21. The beggar, together with his dog, sleeps.22. Kings protect islands with their ministers.23. The king worships the Buddha from his palace.24. The man kills a serpent with a sword.25. Fishermen bring fish to the village in carts.26. Pigs run from the village to the mountain.27. Lay devotees ask questions from the wise man.28. The son brings a parrot from the tree.29. Wise men go to the monastery.30. Disciples go along the road to the village.0 ‡C‰% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 55‰x‰% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyH C‰Ą‰( €@€ ‚`€€ ‚’Masculine nouns ending in -aܟx‰œŠ= H€?€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’t±pasa- hermit±cariya- teachervejja- doctors²ha- lionluddaka- hunteraja- goatv±nara / makkaµa- monkeyl±bha- profitmańca- bedkudd±la- hoe-Ą‰Ɋ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’VerbsŲžœŠ”‹: B€=€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’rodati- crieshasati- laughslabhati- gets, receivespavisati- entersdad±ti- gives±dad±ti- takesk²¼ati- playsnah±yati- bathes±ka¹¹hati- dragsU$Ɋö‹1 2€H€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚’pajahati- gives up, abandonsg=”‹]Œ* $€z€P䀀‚ƒ‚’2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, (contd.)ʞö‹#( €=€Pä‚`€ ‚’Dative case - Case endings -±ya / -ssa are added to the nominal base to form the dative singular. The case ending -±na½ is added to form the dative plural./ ]ŒR$ €€ą€‚’SingularÓ#cŽ> J€§€PĄB„Z逃ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’1. nara + ±ya / ssa= nar±ya / narassa(for or to the man)2. m±tula + ±ya / ssa= m±tul±ya / m±tulassa(for or to the uncle)3. kassaka + ±ya / ssa= kassak±ya / kassakassa(for or to the farmer)- RŽ$ €€ą€‚’PluralܝcŽl? L€;€PĄB‚`€ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚’1. nara + ±na½= nar±na½(for or to men)2. m±tula + ±na½= m±tul±na½(for or to uncles)3. kassaka + ±na½= kassak±na½(for or to farmers)I$Žµ% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formationų·l¹ĮA P€o€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singularµ¹Į 1. Dh²varo nar±ya maccha½ ±harati.The fisherman brings a fish for the man.2. Putto m±tulassa odana½ dad±ti.The son gives rice to the uncle.3. V±ŗijo kassakassa aja½ dad±ti.The merchant gives a goat to the farmer.Plural1. Dh²var± nar±na½ macche ±haranti.Fishermen bring fish for men.2. Putt± m±tul±na½ odana½ dadanti.Sons give rice to uncles.3. V±ŗij± kassak±na½ aje dadanti.Merchants give goats to farmers.2 µėĮ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 5A¹Į,Ā% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into EnglishßėĮ?Ä4 6€æ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. V±ŗijo rajakassa s±µaka½ dad±ti.2. Vejjo ±cariyassa d²pa½ ±harati.3. Mig± p±s±ŗamh± pabbata½ dh±vanti.4. Manuss± Buddhehi dhamma½ labhanti.5. Puriso vejj±ya sakaµa½ ±ka¹¹hati.6. D±rako hatthena y±cakassa bhatta½ ±harati.7. Y±cako ±cariy±ya ±v±µa½ khaŗati.8. Rajako amacc±na½ s±µake dad±ti.9. Br±hmaŗo s±vak±nam mańce ±harati.10. V±naro rukkhamh± patati, kukkuro v±nara½ ¹asati.11. Dh²var± piµakehi amacc±na½ macche ±haranti.12. Kassako v±ŗij±ya rukkha½ chindati.,ų,ĀkĘ4 6€ń€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’13. Coro kudd±lena ±cariy±ya ±v±µa½ khaŗati.14. Vejjo putt±na½ bhatta½ pacati.15. T±paso luddakena saddhi½ bh±sati.16. Luddako t±pasassa d²pa½ dad±ti.17. S²h± mige hananti.18. Makkaµo puttena saha rukkha½ ±ruhati.19. Samaŗ± up±sakehi odana½ labhanti.20. D±rak± rodanti, kum±ro hasati, m±tulo kum±ra½ paharati.21. V±nar± pabbatamh± oruhanti, rukkhe ±ruhanti.22. Cor± ratha½ pavisanti, amacco ratha½ pajahati.23. Acariyo d±rak±ya rukkhamh± suka½ ±harati.24. Luddako pabbatasm± aja½ ±ka¹¹hati. Ü?ÄuĒ. *€¹€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’25. T±paso pabbatamh± s²ha½ passati.26. Vaŗij± kassakehi l±bha½ labhanti.27. Luddako v±ŗij±na½ var±he hanati.28. T±paso ±cariyamh± pańhe pucchati.29. Patto mańcamh± patati.30. Kum±r± sah±yakehi saddhi½ nah±yanti.>kĘ³Ē% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li&óuĒŁÉ3 4€ē€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Merchants bring horses for ministers.2. The hunter kills a goat for the merchant.3. The man cuts trees with a saw for the farmer.4. Deer run away from the lion.5. The king worships the Buddha along with lay devotees.6. Thieves run from villages to the mountains.7. The washerman washes garments for the king.8. The fisherman brings fish in baskets for farmers.9. The teacher enters the monastery, sees the monks.10. The serpent bites the monkey.11. Boys drag the bed for the brahmin.ܳĒēĖ2 2€¹€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’12. Thieves enter the palace together with men.13. Farmers get fish from fishermen.14. Pigs go from the island to the mountain.15. The king abandons the palace, the son enters the monastery.16. The lion sleeps, the monkeys play.17. The teacher protects his sons from the dog.18. Hunters shoot deer with arrows for ministers.19. Children desire rice from the uncle.20. The doctor gives a garment to the hermit.21. The merchant brings a goat by cart for the teacher.ōĆŁÉŪĶ1 0€‡€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’22. Sons see the moon from the mountain.23. Wise men get profit from the dhamma.24. Monkeys leave the village.25. The son brings a parrot for his friend from the mountain.26. The doctor enters the monastery.27. The jackal runs from the village to the mountain along the road.28. The cart falls off the road, the child cries.29. The ministers go up the stairway, the doctor comes down the stairway.30. Wise men ask questions from the Buddha.0 ēĖ Ī% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 6b:ŪĶmĪ( €t€P䀀‚’1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.) ō ĪĻ, &€é€Pä‚`€ ƒ‚ƒ‚‚’Genitive case - The inflections of the genitive case are very similar to those of the dative case.The case ending -ssa is added to the nominal base to form the genitive singular.The case ending -±na½ is added to form the genitive plural./ mĪ¼Ļ$ €€ą€‚’Singularø„Ļ€4 6€ €PĄB‚`€ƒƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚’1.nara + ssa¼Ļ€ = narassa (of the man)2.m±tula + ssa= m±tulassa (of the uncle)3.kassaka + ssa= kassakassa (of the farmer)- ¼Ļ­$ €€ą€‚’Plural»ˆ€h3 4€€PĄB‚`€ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚’1.nara + ±na½= nar±na½ (of the men)2.m±tula + ±na½= m±tul±na½ (of the uncles)3.kassaka + ±na½= kassak±na½ (of the farmers)I$­±% €H€P䀂’2. Examples in sentence formationü»h­A P€w€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Narassa putto bhatta½ y±cati.The man's son asks for rice.2. M±tulassa sah±yako ratha½ ±harati.The uncle's friend brings the vehicle.3. Kassakassa s³karo d²pa½ dh±vati.The farmer's pig runs to the island.Plural1. Nar±na½ putt± bhatta½ y±canti.Sons of the men ask for rice.2. M±tul±na½ sah±yak± rathe ±haranti.Uncles' friends bring vehicles.3. Kassak±na½ s³kar± d²pe dh±vanti.Farmers' pigs run to the islands.2 ±ß% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 6A­ % €8€Pä€ ‚’3. Translate into English Ųß*2 2€±€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Kassakassa putto vejjassa sah±yena saddhi½ ±gacchati.2. Br±hmaŗassa kudd±lo hatthamh± patati.3. Mig± ±vaµehi nikkhamanti.4. V±ŗij±na½ ass± kassakassa g±ma½ dh±vanti.5. M±tulassa mitto Thath±gatassa s±vake vandati.6. Amacco bh³p±lassa khaggena sappa½ paharati.7. V±ŗij± g±me manuss±na½ piµakehi macche ±haranti.8. Coro vejjassa sakaµena mittena saha g±mamh± nikkhamati.9. Up±sakassa putt± samaŗehi saha vih±ra½ gacchanti.10. Y±cako amaccassa s±µaka½ icchati.$ń N3 4€ć€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’11. Mitt±na½ m±tul± t±pas±na½ odana½ dadanti.12. Dh²varassa kakacena coro kukkura½ paharati.13. Bh³p±lassa putto amaccassa assa½ ±ruhati.14. Paŗ¹itassa putt± Buddhassa s±vakena saha vih±ra½ pavisanti.15. Suriyo manusse rakkhati.16. Vejjassa sunakho ±cariyassa sop±namh± patati.17. Rajak± rukkhehi oruhanti.18. Y±cakassa d±rak± rodanti.19. Luddakassa putt± corassa d±rakehi saddhi½ k²¼anti.20. T±paso Tath±gatassa s±vak±na½ odana½ dad±ti.21. Samaŗ± ±cariyassa hatthena s±µake labhanti.Ž*] 1 0€½€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’22. Coro v±ŗijassa sah±yakasm± assa½ y±cati.23. Up±sak± Tath±gatassa s±vakehi pańhe pucchanti.24. P±s±ŗamh± migo patati, luddako hasati, sunakh± dh±vanti.25. Vejjassa patto puttassa hatthamh± patati.26. Kum±ro m±tul±na½ putt±na½ hatthena odana½ dad±ti.27. Sar± luddakassa hatthehi patanti, mig± pabbata½ dh±vanti.28. Bh³p±lassa putto amaccehi saddhi½ p±s±dasm± oruhati.29. Vejjassa soŗo kassakassa s³kara½ ¹asati.30. Dh²varo manuss±na½ macche ±harati, l±bha½ labhati.>N› % €2€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into P±li!š] ¼ 1 0€į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The brahmin's sons bathe with the minister's son.2. Uncle's friend cooks rice with the farmer's son.3. The fisherman brings fish to the king's palace.4. The king calls the ministers' sons from the palace.5. The merchant's chariot falls from the mountain.6. The king's ministers set out from the palace with the horses.7. The brahmin's doctor gives garments to the hermits.8. The hunter's dogs run from the mountain to the village.9. The merchant brings a bed for the doctor's child.!š› Ż1 0€į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Deer run from the mountain to the village.11. The teacher's child falls from the farmer's tree.12. The dog eats fish from the fisherman's basket.13. The disciples of the Buddha go from the monastery to the mountain.14. The hunter kills a pig with an arrow for the minister's friends.15. The child gets a lamp from the hands of the teacher.16. The doctors' teacher calls the child's uncle.17. The boy brings rice in a bowl for the monk.18. Men go to the village of the lay devotees.ė¼ A1 0€×€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’19. Pigs run away from jackals.20. Monkeys play with the deer.21. The wise man comes to the king's island with the merchants.22. The farmer's children go to the mountatin by their uncles' chariots.23. Garments fall from the carts of the ŻA merchants.24. The recluse gets a bowl from the king's hands.25. The washerman brings garments for the man's uncle.26. King's ministers eat rice together with the teacher's friends.27. Wise men protect the islands of the kings from the thieves.Ö«ŻŪA+ $€W€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚’28. Boys bring baskets for the fishermen from farmers.29. The farmer's horse drags the doctor's vehicle away from the road.30. Monks enter the village of the teacher.0 A B% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 75ŪA@B% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyH BˆB( €@€ ‚`€€ ‚’Masculine nouns ending in -a2ī@BŗCD V€Ż€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’n±vika- sailor±k±sa- skysamudda- ocean, seadeva / sura- deity, godloka- world±loka- lightsakuŗa- birdk±ka- crowniv±sa- housesappurisa- virtuous manasappurisa- wicked mank±ya- bodyd³ta- messengergoŗa- ox, bull-ˆBēC% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Verbs±(ŗC˜E‰ ą€Q€PĄB‚ź€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒ‚’±hiŗ¹ati- wanderscarati- walksnis²dati- sitssannipatati- assemblesviharati- dwellsvasati- livesj²vati- livestiµµhati- standsuppatati- flies, jumps uptarati- crosses (water)uttarati- comes out (of water)pas²dati- becomes glad,- is pleased withb:ēCśE( €t€P䀀‚’2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)ŌŖ˜EĪF* "€U€Pä‚`€ ƒ‚‚’Locative case - Case endings -e / -mhi / -smi½ are added to the nominal base to form the locative singular.The case ending -esu is added to form the locative plural./ śEżF$ €€ą€‚’SingularFĪFCHB R€ €PĄB„.€ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ€ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’1.nara + e / mhi / smi½= nare, naramhi, narasmi½(in / on / at the man)2.m±tula + e / mhi / smi½= m±tule, m±tulamhi, m±tulasmi½(in / on / at the uncle)3.kassaka + e / mhi / smi½= kassake, kassakamhi, kassakasmi½(in / on / at the farmer)- żFpH$ €€ą€‚’PluralœCH5I2 2€'€PĄB„@€ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’1.nara + esu= naresu (in / on / at men)2. m±tula + esu= m±tulesu (in / on / at uncles)3. kassaka + esu= kassakesu (in / on / at farmers)I$pH~I% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formationĢ‹5IJKA P€€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Sappo narasmi½ patati.The snake falls on the man.2. Putto m±tulamhi pas²dati.The son is pleased with the uncle.3. V±ŗijo kassakasmi½ pas²dati.The merchant is pleased with the farmer.Plural1. Sapp± naresu patanti.Snakes fall on men.2. Putt± m±tulesu pas²danti.Sons are pleased with their uncles.3. V±ŗij± kassakesu pas²danti.Merchants are pleased with farmers.2 ~I|K% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 7AJK½K% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into Englishß|KĻM3 4€æ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Br±hmaŗo sah±yakena saddhi½ rathamhi nis²dati.2. Asappuris± corehi saha g±mesu caranti.3. V±ŗijo kassakassa niv±se bhatta½ pacati.4. Bh³p±lassa amacc± d²pesu manusse rakkhanti.5. Sugatassa s±vak± vih±rasmi½ vasanti.6. Makkaµo rukkhamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.7. Suriyassa ±loko samuddamhi patati.8. Kassak±na½ goŗ± g±me ±hiŗ¹anti.9. Vejjassa d±rako mańcasmi½ sayati.10. Dh²var± samuddamh± piµakesu macche ±haranti.11. S²ho p±s±ŗasmi½ tiµµhati, makkaµ± rukkhesu caranti.ę½K €2 2€Ķ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’12. Bh³p±lassa d³to amaccena saddhi½ samudda½ tarati.13. Manuss± loke j²vanti, dev± sagge vasanti.14. Mig± pabbatesu dh±vanti, sakuŗ± ±k±se uppatanti.15. Amacco khagga½ bh³p±lassa hatthamh± ±dad±ti.16. µcariyo m±tulassa niv±se mańcamhi puttena saha nis²dati.17. T±pas± pabbatamhi viharanti.18. Up±sak± samaŗehi saddhi½ vih±re sannipatanti.19. K±k± rukkhehi uppatanti.20. Buddho dhamma½ bh±sati, sappuris± Buddhamhi pas²danti.21. Asappuriso khaggena n±vikassa d³ta½ paharati.ĻM € Ų§ĻMä1 0€O€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’22. Puriso sarena sakuŗa½ vijjhati, sakuŗo rukkhamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.23. Manuss± suriyassa ±lokena loka½ passanti.24. Kassakassa goŗ± magge sayanti.25. Goŗassa k±yasmi½ k±ko tiµµhati.26. Mig± d²pasmi½ p±s±ŗesu nis²danti.27. Sakuŗo n±vikassa hatthamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.28. Sappuriso n±vikena saha samuddamh± uttarati.29. Kudd±lo luddakassa hatthamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.30. Suriyassa ±lokena cando bh±sati (shines).> €"‚% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±liéä>„3 4€Ó€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The lion stands on the rock in the mountain.2. Thieves enter the house of the teacher.3. Children run from the road to the sea with friends.4. Uncle's oxen wander on the road.5. Birds sit on the tree.6. The ox hits the goat with its foot.7. Jackals live on the mountain.8. The king worships the feet of the Buddha with his ministers.9. The uncle sleeps on the bed with his son.10. The fisherman eats rice in the house of the farmer.11. The king's horses live in the island.%ó"‚c†2 2€ē€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’12. The virtuous man brings a lamp for the hermit.13. The doctor brings a garment to the teacher's house.14. The monkey plays with a dog on the rock.15. The garment falls on the farmer's body.16. The hunter carries arrows in a basket.17. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the monastery.18. The washerman washes the garments of the ministers.19. Birds fly in the sky.20. The virtuous man comes out of the sea together with the sailor.21. Deities are pleased with the Buddha's disciples.ā±>„Eˆ1 0€c€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’22. Merchants cross the sea together with sailors.23. The good man protects the dog from the serpent.24. Crows fly from trees in the mountain.25. The pig pulls a fish from the fisherman's basket.26. The light of the sun falls on the men in the world.27. Deities go through the sky.28. Children play with the dog on the road.29. The wicked man drags a monkey from the tree.30. The king's messenger gets down from the horse.0 c†uˆ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 8f<EˆŪˆ* $€x€P䀀‚ƒ‚’1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a,(contd).µ‹uˆ‰* "€€Pä‚`€ ƒ‚‚’Vocative case - The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.The case ending -± is added to form the vocative plural.0 ŪˆĄ‰% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Singularn>‰.Š0 0€|€PĄB‚@€ ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’1. nara(O man)2.m±tula(O uncle)3.kassaka(O farmer). Ą‰\Š% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Plural‘\.ŠķŠ5 :€ø€PĄB†ZŲ‰€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ƒƒ‚’nara + ±= nar±(O men)m±tula + ±= m±tul±(O uncles)kassaka + ±= kassak±(O farmers){K\Šh‹0 0€–€Pä†ZŲ‰€€€‚’2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a<ķŠ¤‹& €,€ ‚`€ ‚‚’Nara = manSingularž—h‹¢Œg œ€/€PĄB†ˆŲ‰€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚’Nom.naroAcc.nara½Ins.narenaAbl.nar±, naramh±, narasm±Dat.nar±ya, narassaGen.narassaLoc.nare, naramhi, narasmi½Voc.nara. ¤‹ŠŒ% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural™Z¢Œi? N€“€PĄB‚€ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’nar±narenarehi (narebhi)narehi (narebhi)nar±na½nar±na½naresunar±V.ŠŒæ( €\€P䀀 ‚’3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a?iž& €2€ ‚`€‚‚’Phala = fruitSingularh*æfŽ> L€T€PĄB†¬Ų‰€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚’Nom.phala½Acc.phala½Voc.phala. ž”Ž% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural^.fŽņŽ0 0€\€PĄB‚€ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’phal±, phal±niphale, phal±niphal±niqJ”Žc' €”€ą€€ ‚’The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.5ņŽ˜% € €Pä€ ‚’4. VocabularyEcŻ( €:€ ‚`€ € ‚’Neuter nouns ending in -aa˜Ā¹ @Ć€PĄB†ŲŻĀ ü‰€ ‚€ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ‚€ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’nayana / locana- eyeudaka / jala- waterarańńa / vana- forestpuppha / kusuma- flowergeha / ghara- house±sana- seatpaŗŗa- leaftiŗa- grasskh²ra- milknagara- city, townuyy±na- parkkhetta- fieldbhaŗ¹a- goodss²la- virtue, preceptd±na- alms, charityr³pa- objectdv±ra- doorvattha- cloth-Ż0Ā% €€ ‚`€‚’Verbs+ėĀ[Ć@ N€×€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’vivarati- opensnaccati- dancesnikkhipati- putsuµµhahati- gets upphusati- touchesanus±sati- instructsovadati- advisessa½harati- collects±sińcati- sprinklesakkosati- scoldsbhindati- breakspibati / pivati- drinks2 0ĀĆ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 8A[ĆĪĆ% €8€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into English ׍ƣÅ4 6€Æ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Up±sako pupph±ni ±harati.2. Arańńe mig± vasanti, rukkhesu makkaµ± caranti.3. Goŗ± tiŗa½ kh±danti.4. Manuss± nayanehi passanti.5. Samaŗo vih±rasmi½ ±sane nis²dati.6. Rukkhamh± paŗŗ±ni patanti.7. V±ŗij± g±mamh± kh²ra½ nagara½ haranti.8. Bh³p±lo kum±rena saddhi½ uyy±ne carati.9. Kassako khettamhi kudd±lena ±v±µe khaŗati.10. M±tulo puttassa bhaŗ¹±ni dad±ti.11. Up±sak± samaŗ±na½ d±na½ dadanti, s²l±ni rakkhanti.12. D±rak± mittehi saddhi½ udakasmi½ k²¼anti.!ļĪĆśĒ2 2€ß€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’13. Kassak± v±ŗijehi vatth±ni labhanti.14. Kum±ro uyy±namh± m±tulassa kusum±ni ±harati.15. Br±hmaŗassa aj± goŗehi saha vane ±hiŗ¹anti, tiŗ±ni kh±danti.16. S²ho vanasmi½ rukkham³le (at the foot of a tree) nis²dati.17. Rajak± udakena ±san±ni dhovanti.18. Amacco d³tena saddhi½ rathena arańńa½ pavisati.19. Y±cakassa putto udakena paŗŗ±ni dhovati.20. V±ŗij± bhaŗ¹±ni nagaramh± g±ma½ ±haranti.21. Tath±gatassa s±vak± asappuris±na½ putte anus±santi.22. Up±sak± udakena pupph±ni ±sińcanti.`ŁÅŠÉ0 .€Į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’23. Kum±ro patta½ bhindati, m±tulo akkosati.24. Luddakassa putto migassa k±ya½ hatthena phusati.25. Goŗo khette p±s±ŗamh± uµµhahati.26. Rajakassa putto s±µake mańcasmi½ nikkhipati.27. Sugatassa s±vako vih±rassa dv±ra½ vivarati.28. Vejjassa d±rak± gehe naccanti.29. Paŗ¹ito asappurisa½ ovadati.30. Coro ±cariyassa sakaµa½ pabbatasmi½ pajahati.>śĒČÉ% €2€Pä€ ‚’6. Translate into P±li9ŠÉĢ2 2€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Children play in the water with the dog.2. The wicked man breaks leaves from the tree.3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with their ministers.4. Merchants set out from the city with goods.5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the park with lay devotees.7. The thief gets down from the tree in the forest.8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the trees with stones.9. The doctor's horse eats grass with the ox on the road.10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in villages.ßČÉĪ1 0€æ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house of the wise man.12. The sailor opens the doors of his house.13. The sons of fishermen dance with friends in the park.14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.15. The world gets light from the sun.16. Sailors get up from their seats.17. The doctor's friend touches the body of the dog with his foot.18. The Buddha instructs his disciples in the monastery.19. Boys collect flowers from the park, lay devotees sprinkle them with water.+ūĢH0 .€÷€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’20. The parrot flies into the sky from the house of the sailor.21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the farmer scolds (him).22. The wise man advises the merchant, the merchant is pleased with the wise man.23. The king's messenger comes out of the sea with the sailor.24. Merchants bring clothes for farmers from the city.25. Gods protect virtuous men. Good men protect virtues.26. Men see objects with their eyes with (the help of) the ligĪH ht of the sun.27. Leaves from the trees fall on the road.Ū°Ī#+ $€a€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚’28. Lay devotees place flowers on altars (pupph±sana).29. Goats drink water from pits in the field.30. The lions get up from the rock at the foot of the tree (rukkham³la).0 HS% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 9d?#·% €~€P䀂’1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participleį¶S˜+ $€m€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The suffix -tv± is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.čž·€J b€=€ą„mi€ ƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒ€ƒ‚’pac + i + tv±= pacitv±= having cookedkh±d + i + tv±= kh±ditv±= having eatengam + tv±= gantv±= having gonehan + tv±= hantv±= having killedg=˜ē* $€z€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.t>€[6 <€|€ą†mi9€ ƒ€€€ƒ‚’± + gam + ya= ±gamma (with assimilation) = having comeö¦ēQP n€M€ą†mi€ ƒ€ƒƒ‚€ ƒ€€€ƒ‚€ ƒ€€€ƒ‚’± + d± + ya= ±d±ya= having taken± + ruh + ya= ±ruyha (with metathesis)= having climbedava + ruh + ya= oruyha (with metathesis)= having descendedX3[©% €f€P䀂’2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:ŻQĮ; D€»€ą†ii€ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’bhuńjati- bhuńjitv±, bhutv±±gacchati- ±gantv±, ±gammahanati- hanitv±, hantv±dad±ti- daditv±, datv±nah±yati- nah±yitv±, nah±tv±tiµµhati- µhatv±nikkhamati- nikkhamitv±, nikkhammapajahati- pajahitv±, pah±yaȍ©‰; D€€ą†i‘€ƒ‚ƒƒ€ €‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚’passati- passitv±; but disv± is more commonly used from the root dĻ³ to see, instead of passitv±.uµµhahati- uµµhahitv±, uµµh±yaI$ĮŅ% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formation–c‰h 3 4€Ē€ą€€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’1. Kassako khettamh± ±gantv± bhatta½ bhuńjati.The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.2. V±nar± rukkha½ ±ruyha phal±ni kh±danti.Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.3. D±rako bhatta½ y±citv± rodati.Having asked for rice, the child cries.4. Samaŗo Buddha½ passitv± vandati.Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).2 Ņš % €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 9Ah Ū % €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into English= š  2 2€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Up±sako vih±ra½ gantv± samaŗ±na½ d±na½ dad±ti.2. S±vako ±sanamhi nis²ditv± p±de dhovati.3. D±rak± pupph±ni sa½haritv± m±tulassa datv± hasanti.4. Y±cak± uyy±namh± ±gamma kassakasm± odana½ y±canti.5. Luddako hatthena sare ±d±ya arańńa½ pavisati.6. Kum±r± kukkurena saddhi½ k²¼itv± samudda½ gantv± nah±yanti.7. V±ŗijo p±s±ŗasmi½ µhatv± kudd±lena sappa½ paharati.8. Sappuriso y±cakassa putte pakkositv± vatth±ni dad±ti.9. D±rako ±v±µamhi patitv± rodati.10. Bh³p±lo p±s±damh± nikkhamitv± amaccena saddhi½ bh±sati.įŪ *1 0€Ć€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’11. Sunakho udaka½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma magge sayati.12. Samaŗ± bh³p±lassa uyy±ne sannipatitv± dhamma½ bh±santi.13. Putto nah±tv± bhatta½ bhutv± mańca½ ±ruyha sayati.14. V±ŗij± d²pamh± nagara½ ±gamma ±cariyassa gehe vasanti.15. Rajako vatth±ni dhovitv± putta½ pakkosati.16. V±nar± rukkhehi oruyha uyy±ne ±hiŗ¹anti.17. Mig± vanamhi ±hiŗ¹itv± paŗŗ±ni kh±danti.18. Kum±ro nayan±ni dhovitv± suriya½ passati.19. N±vikassa mitt± nagarasm± bhaŗ¹±ni ±d±ya g±ma½ ±gacchanti.Ų >@0 .€±€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’20. D±rako kh²ra½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma hasati.21. Sappuris± d±n±ni datv± s²l±ni rakkhitv± sagga½ gacchanti.22. S³karo udakamh± uttaritv± ±v±µa½ oruyha sayati.23. T±paso Tath±gatassa s±vaka½ disv± vanditv± pańha½ pucchati.24. Asappuriso y±cakassa patta½ bhinditv± akkositv± geha½ gacchati.25. Sakuŗ± g±me rukkhehi uppatitv± arańńa½ otaranti.26. Paŗ¹ito ±sanamh± uµµhahitv± t±pasena saddhi½ bh±sati.27. D±rako g*>@ eh± nikkhamma m±tula½ pakkositv± geha½ pavisati.Ļ¤* A+ $€I€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚’28. Dev± sappurisesu pas²ditv± te (them) rakkhanti.29. Kum±rassa sah±yak± p±s±da½ ±ruyha ±sanesu nis²danti.30. Goŗ± khettamhi ±hiŗ¹itv± tiŗa½ kh±ditv± sayanti.>>@KA% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li)ś AtC/ ,€õ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Having gone out of the house the farmer enters the field.2. Having preached (deseti)the doctrine, the Buddha enters the monastery.3. The king having been pleased with the Buddha, abandons the palace and goes to the monastery.4. Having climbed down from the stairway, the child laughs.5. Having hit the serpent with a stone the boy runs into the house.6. Having gone to the forest the man climbs a tree and eats fruits.7. Having washed the clothes in the water, the washerman brings (them) home.!ńKA•E0 .€ć€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’8. The lion having killed a goat, eats having sat on a rock.9. The doctor having seen the merchants' goods leaves the city.10. Having broken (into) the house thieves run to the forest.11. Having roamed in the field the pig falls into a pit.12. The fisherman brings fish from the sea for farmers.13. Having taken goods from the city, the teacher comes home.14. Having stood on a mountain, the hunter shoots birds with arrows.15. The oxen having eaten grass in the park, sleep on the road.CtCŲG0 .€'€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’16. The king having got down from the chariot speaks with the farmers.17. The man having given up his house enters the monastery.18. Fishermen give fish to merchants and receive profits.19. The lay devotee having asked a question from the monk sits on his seat.20. The disciples of the Buddha, having seen the wicked men, admonish.21. The brahmin, having scolded the child, hits (him).22. The deities, having asked questions from the Buddha, become glad.23. The dog, having bitten the teacher's foot, runs into the house.ģ•EóI/ ,€Ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’24. The monkey, having played with the goat on the road, climbs a tree.25. The hermit, having come from the forest, receives a cloth from the good man.26. Having drunk water, the child breaks the bowl.27. Having advised the farmers' sons, and having risen from the seats, the monks go to the monastery.28. The sailor, having crossed the sea, goes to the island.29. The child calls the uncles and dances in the house.30. Having washed clothes and bathed, the farmer gets out of water.1 ŲG$J% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 109óI]J% €(€P䀂’1. The Infinitive½’$JK+ $€%€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The suffix -tu½ is added to the root of the verb or the verbal base with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the infinitive.±}]JĖK4 8€ś€ą„—õ€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’pac + i + tu½= pacitu½= to cookkh±d + i + tu½= kh±ditu½= to eatgam + tu½= gantu½= to god± + tu½= d±tu½= to givea.K,L3 6€\€„—õ€€€€ƒƒ‚’(Skt sth±) µh± + tu½= µh±tu½= to standS(ĖKL+ &€P€ą„—õ€ƒƒ‚’p± + tu½= p±tu½ / pivitu½= to drinkN$,LĶL* $€H€Pä„—õ€‚’2. Examples in sentence formation°{L}N5 8€÷€ą€€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’1. Kassako khetta½ kasitu½ icchati.The farmer wishes to plough the field.2. D±rako phal±ni kh±ditu½ rukkham ±ruhati.The child climbs the tree to eat fruits.3. Manuss± samaŗehi pańhe pucchitu½ vih±ra½ ±gacchanti.Men come to the monastery to ask questions from the recluses.4. Kum±r± k²¼itu½ mittehi saha samudda½ gacchanti.Boys go to the sea with friends to play.3ĶL°N% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 10A}NńN% €8€Pä€ ‚’3. Translate into English Ł°N0 .€³€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Kum±r± vanamhi mittehi saha k²¼itv± bhatta½ bhuńjitu½ geha½ dh±vanti.2. Mig± tiŗa½ kh±ditv± udaka½ p±tu½ pabbatamh± uyy±na½ ±gacchanti.3. V±ŗijassa putto bhaŗ¹±ni ±haritu½ rathena nagara½ gacchati.4. Y±cako m±tulassańN kudd±lena ±v±µa½ khaŗitu½ icchati.5. Amacc± bh³p±la½ passitu½ p±s±damhi sannipatanti.6. Goŗ± uyy±ne ±hiŗ¹itv± kassakassa khetta½ ±gacchanti.7. Up±sak± samaŗ±na½ d±na½ d±tu½ vih±ra½ pavisanti.8. Rathena nagara½ gantu½ puriso gehasm± nikkhamati.CńNIƒ1 0€%€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Br±hmaŗo vejjena saddhi½ nah±yitu½ udaka½ otarati.10. Coro amaccassa geha½ pavisitu½ uyy±ne ±hiŗ¹ati.11. S²ho pabbatamhi sayitv± uµµh±ya miga½ hantu½ oruhati.12. Udaka½ otaritv± vatth±ni dhovitu½ rajako putta½ pakkosati.13. Tath±gata½ passitv± vanditu½ up±sako vih±ra½ pavisati.14. Khetta½ kasitu½ kassako kudd±la½ ±d±ya geh± nikkhamati.15. Sarehi mige vijjhitu½ luddak± sunakhehi saha arańńa½ pavisanti.16. Nar± g±mamh± nikkhamitv± nagare vasitu½ icchanti.17. Sakuŗe passitu½ amacc± kum±rehi saha pabbata½ ±ruhanti.’ĻH…0 .€Ÿ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’18. Pabbatasm± rukkha½ ±ka¹¹hitu½ v±ŗijena saha kassako gacchati.19. Phal±ni kh±ditu½ makkaµ± rukkhesu caranti.20. Paŗ¹ito sugatassa s±vakehi saddhi½ bh±situ½ icchati.21. Samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gantv± vatth±ni ±haritu½ v±ŗij± icchanti.22. Pupph±ni sa½haritv± udakena ±sińcitu½ up±sako kum±re ovadati.23. Ajassa k±ya½ hatthehi phusitu½ d±rako icchati.24. Br±hmaŗassa gehe ±sanesu nis²ditu½ rajakassa putt± icchanti.25. P±tu½ udaka½ y±citv± d±rako rodati.>Iƒ†…% €2€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into P±li ŪH…‘‡0 .€·€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Goats roam in the park to eat leaves and drink water.2. The wicked man wishes to hit the dog with his foot.3. Friends go to the park to play with their dogs.4. The lay devotee wishes to come home and instruct his sons.5. The deity wishes to go to the monastery and speak to the Buddha.6. The good man wishes to protect virtues and give alms.7. Pigs run from the village to enter the forest.8. The farmer asks for a hoe from the merchant to dig pits in his field.%õ†…¶‰0 .€ė€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Lay devotees assemble in the monastery to worship the Buddha.10. The uncle comes out of the house to call the fisherman.11. Farmers wish to get oxen; merchants wish to get horses.12. The king wishes to abandon his palace.13. Men take baskets and go to the forest to collect fruits for their children.14. The farmer wanders in the forest to cut grass for his oxen.15. Men wish to live in houses in the city with their sons.16. Having stood on the rock, the child sees flowers on the trees.!ń‘‡׋0 .€ć€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’17. Having received a garment from the teacher the doctor is pleased.18. The hunter calls a friend to drag a goat from the forest.19. The sailor calls merchants to cross the sea.20. Having risen from the seat the good man wishes to speak with the monk.21. Children wish to get down to the water and bathe.22. The minister mounts the horse to go to the forest to shoot deer.23. The boy wishes to cook rice for his uncle's friends.24. Jackals leave the forest to enter the farmers' fields.oG¶‰FŒ( €Ž€PĄB‚€ ‚’25. Men wish to see objects with their eyes by the light of the sun.1 ׋wŒ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 115FŒ¬Œ% € €P䀂’1. VocabularyEwŒńŒ( €:€ ‚`€€ ‚’Neuter nouns ending in -a T¬ŒśŽµ 8©€PĄB‚ō€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ‚€ƒ‚’±paŗa- shop, bazaarpuńńa- meritp±pa- evil, sinkamma- deed, actionkusala- goodakusala- evildhana- wealthdhańńa- cornb²ja- seeddussa- clothc²vara- robem³la- root, moneyrukkham³la- foot of a treetuŗ¹a- beakvetana- wage, paypaduma- lotusg²ta- songsuvaŗŗa / hirańńa- goldu:ńŒo; F€t€PĄB‚ō€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’sacca- truthp±n²ya- drinking watercitta- mind-śŽœ% €€ ‚`€‚’VerbsčHoĮ  ‘€PĄB„E€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚œĮ ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚’pariyesati- searches, seeks±rabhati-beginsussahati- triesupasaŖkamati- approachesadhigacchati- understands, attainsg±yati- sings±masati- touches, strokesbh±yati- fearscavati- departs, diesuppajjati- is bornkhipati- throwsvapati- sows±kaŖkhati- hopessibbati- sowsAœŃĮ% €8€P䀂’2. The Present Participle uĮqĆ+ $€ė€Pä‚`€€ ‚’Present participles are formed by adding -nta / m±na to the verbal base. They function as adjectives and agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they qualify. They are declined like -a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter. (As the feminine gender has not been introduced so far, the feminine gender of the present participle will be explained in Lesson 21).FŃĮ·Ä8 >€€PĄB„Z}€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’paca + nta / m±na= pacanta / pacam±na= cookinggaccha + nta / m±na= gacchanta / gaccham±na= goingbhuńja + nta / m±na= bhuńjanta / bhuńjam±na= eatingtiµµha + nta / m±na= tiµµhanta / tiµµham±na= standingvihara + nta / m±na= viharanta / viharam±na= dwellingI$qĆÅ% €H€Pä€ ‚’3. Examples in sentence formationĶ·ÄĒB R€›€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚€‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Bhatta½ pacanto / pacam±no puriso hasati. (Nom. case)The man who is cooking rice laughs.2. Vejjo bhatta½ pacanta½ / pacam±na½ purisa½ pakkosati. (Acc. case)The doctor calls the man who is cooking rice.3. Vejjo bhatta½ pacantena / pacam±nena purisena saha bh±sati. (Inst.case)The doctor speaks with the man who is cooking rice.Plural1. Bhatta½ pacant± / pacam±n± puris± hasanti. (Nom. case)The men who are cooking rice laugh.'łÅ6Č. *€ó€ą€ ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚’2. Vejjo bhatta½ pacante / pacam±ne purise pakkosati. (Acc. case)The doctor calls the men who are cooking rice.3. Vejjo bhatta½ pacantehi / pacam±nehi purisehi saha bh±sati. (Inst.case)The doctor speaks with the men who are cooking rice.ŽgĒÄČ' €Ī€Pä‚`€ ‚’Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree with the nouns they qualify.36Č÷Č% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 11AÄČ8É% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into EnglishŁ÷Č@Ė/ ,€³€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. P±n²ya½ y±citv± rodanto d±rako mańcamh± patati.2. Vatth±ni labhitu½ icchanto v±ŗijo ±paŗa½ gacchati.3. Up±sako padum±ni ±d±ya vih±ra½ gaccham±no Buddha½ disv± pas²dati.4. Sakuŗo tuŗ¹ena phala½ haranto rukkhasm± uppatati.5. C²vara½ pariyesantassa samaŗassa ±cariyo c²vara½ dad±ti.6. Arańńe ±hiŗ¹anto luddako dh±vanta½ miga½ passitv± sarena vijjhati.7. Uyy±ne ±hiŗ¹am±namh± kum±ramh± br±hmaŗo padum±ni y±cati.8. Rathena gaccham±nehi amaccehi saha ±cariyo hasati.Ų8ÉFĶ. *€±€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. D±na½ dad±m±n± s²l±ni rakkham±n± manuss± sagge uppajjanti.10. Dhańńa½ ±kaŖkhantassa purisassa dhana½ d±tu½ v±ŗijo icchati.11. Goŗe hanant± rukkhe chindant± asappuris± dhana½ sa½haritu½ ussahanti.12. Vih±ra½ upasaŖkamanto Buddho dhamma½ bh±sam±ne s±vake passati.13. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± g²t±ni g±yant± kum±r± naccitu½ ±rabhanti.14. Suvaŗŗa½ labhitu½ ussahant± manuss± pabbatasmi½ ±v±µe khaŗanti.15. Udaka½ p±tu½ icchanto s²ho udaka½ pariyesam±no vanamhi carati.I@ĖĻ/ ,€5€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’16. Vetana½ labhitu½ ±kaŖkham±no naro rajak±ya duss±ni dhovati.17. Samaŗehi bh±sant± up±sak± sacca½ adhigantu½ ussahanti.18. Magge sayanta½ sunakha½ udakena sińcitv± d±rako hasati.19. S²la½ rakkhant± sappuris± manussalok± cavitv± devaloke uppajjanti.20. Dhana½ sa½haritu½ ussahanto v±ŗijo samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gantu½ ±rabhati.21. Goŗe pariyesam±no vane ±hiŗ¹anto kassako s²ha½ disv± bh±yati.22. Rukkhesu nis²ditv± phal±ni bhuńjam±n± kum±r± g²ta½ g±yanti.23. Citta½ pas²ditv± dhamma½ adhigantu½ ussahant± nar± sagge uppajjanti.×FĶ . *€Æ€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’24. Tuŗ¹ena piµakamh± maccha½ ±ka¹¹hitu½ icchanto k±ko sunakhamh± Ļ  bh±yati.25. Khetta½ kasitv± b²j±ni vapanto kassako dhańńa½ labhitu½ ±kaŖkhati.26. Suriyassa ±lokena locanehi r³p±ni passant± manuss± loke j²vanti.27. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± c²vara½ sibbantena samaŗena saddhi½ up±sako bh±sati.28. Rukkham³le sayantassa y±cakassa k±ye paŗŗ±ni patanti.29. V±ŗijassa m³la½ datv± asse labhitu½ amacco ussahati.30. Kh²ra½ pivitv± hasam±no d±rako patta½ mańcasmi½ khipati.?Ļß% €4€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li.!ņ / ,€å€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The man washing clothes speaks with the boy going on the road.2. The brahmin sees the deer coming out of the forest to drink water.3. Goats in the park eat leaves falling from the trees.4. Wicked men wish to see hunters killing deer.5. The farmer sees birds eating seeds in his field.6. Recluses who enter the city wish to worship the Buddha dwelling in the monastery.7. Standing on the stairway the child sees monkeys sitting on the tree.8. Boys give rice to fish moving in the water.,žß,. *€ż€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. The sailor wishing to cross the sea asks for money from the king.10. Men see with their eyes the light of the moon falling on the sea.11. Lay devotees try to give robes to monks living in the monastery.12. Wishing for merit virtuous men give alms to the monks and observe (rakkhanti) the precepts.13. The man walks on the leaves falling from the trees in the forest.14. The uncle gives a lotus to the child searching for flowers.15. Having given the beggar some corn the fisherman enters the house.(śT. *€õ€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’16. The minister gives seeds to the farmers who plough their fields.17. The dog tries to bite the hand of the man who strokes his body.18. The Buddha's disciples question the child crying on the road.19. The uncle's friend calls the boys singing songs seated under the tree.20. Virtuous men give food to the monks who approach their houses.21. Wise men who wish to be born in heaven practise (rakkhanti) virtue.22. Seeing the jackal approaching the village the farmer tries to hit it with a stone.Ö,T * "€­€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’23. Speaking the truth lay devotees try to understand the doctrine.24. Having washed the bowl with water the hermit looks for drinking water.25. Wise men who observe the precepts begin to understand the truth.1 T… % €€‘€€‚’Lesson 12?T Ä % €4€P䀂’1. Conjugation of VerbsI"…  ' €D€PĄB‚`€‚’The Present Tense, Active Voice¹‘Ä Ę ( €#€Pä‚`€‚’So far only the present tense, active voice, third person singular and plural have been introduced. This lesson gives the conjugation in full.0 ö % €€ ‚`€‚’SingularŠlĘ Ę d ˜€Ų€PĄB„Z€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) pacati= He cooks2nd (Tva½) pacasi= You cook1st (Aha½) pac±mi= I cook. ö ō % €€ ‚`€‚’Plural­[Ę ” R t€¶€PĄB„Z=€€ €€ €ƒ‚€ €€ €ƒ‚€ €€ ƒ€‚’(Te) pacanti= They cook(Tumhe) pacatha= You cook(Maya½) pac±ma= We cookI$ō ź % €H€P䀂’2. Examples in sentence formation” id –€7€ą„=e€€‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€€‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’Singular1. So bhatta½ pacati= He cooks rice.2. Tva½ bhatta½ pacasi= You (sg.) cook rice.3. Aha½ bhatta½ pac±mi= I cook rice.Plural1. Te bhatta½ pacanti= They cook rice.2. Tumhe bhatta½ pacatha= You (pl.) cook rice.3. Maya½ bhatta½ pac±ma= We cook rice.3ź œ% €€ ‚`€‚’Exercise 12AiŻ% €8€P䀂’3. Translate into English2œA0 .€€PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Tva½ mittehi saddhi½ rathena ±paŗamh± bhaŗ¹±ni ±harasi.2. Aha½ udakamh± padum±ni ±haritv± v±ŗijassa dad±mi.3. Tumhe samaŗ±na½ d±tu½ c²var±ni pariyesatha.4. Maya½ sagge uppajjitu½ ±kaŖkham±n± s²l±ni rakkh±ma.5. Te dhamma½ adhigantu½ ussŻA ahant±na½ samaŗ±na½ d±na½ dadanti.6. So arańńamhi uppatante sakuŗe passitu½ pabbata½ ±ruhati.7. Maya½ sugatassa s±vake vanditu½ vih±rasmi½ sannipat±ma.8. µgacchanta½ t±pasa½ disv± so bhatta½ ±haritu½ geha½ pavisati.9. Aha½ udaka½ oruyha br±hmaŗassa duss±ni dhov±mi.6ŻQC0 .€ €PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Tva½ gehassa dv±ra½ vivaritv± p±n²ya½ pattamh± ±d±ya pivasi.11. Aha½ hirańńa½ pariyesanto d²pamhi ±v±µe khaŗ±mi.12. Phal±ni kh±dant± tumhe rukkhehi oruhatha.13. P±s±ŗasmi½ µhatv± tva½ canda½ passitu½ ussahasi.14. Maya½ manussalokamh± cavitv± sagge uppajjitu½ ±kaŖkh±ma.15. Tumhe arańńe vasante mige sarehi vijjhitu½ icchatha.16. Maya½ uyy±ne carant± sunakhehi saddhi½ k²¼ante d±rake pass±ma.17. Tva½ rukkham³le nis²ditv± ±cariyassa d±tu½ vattha½ sibbasi.18. Maya½ puńńa½ icchant± samaŗ±na½ d±na½ dad±ma.¹‹A E. *€€PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’19. Tumhe sacca½ adhigantu½ ±rabhatha.20. Tva½ g²ta½ g±yanto rodanta½ d±raka½ rakkhasi.21. Maya½ hasantehi kum±rehi saha uyy±ne nacc±ma.22. So p±n²ya½ pivitv± patta½ bhinditv± m±tulamh± bh±yati.23. P±s±da½ upasaŖkamanta½ samaŗa½ disv± bh³p±lassa citta½ pas²dati.24. Maya½ arańńa½ pavisitv± aj±na½ paŗŗ±ni sa½har±ma.25. Khetta½ rakkhanto so ±v±µe khaŗante var±he disv± p±s±ŗehi paharati.>QCHE% €2€P䀂’4. Translate into P±li@ EˆG0 .€!€PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. I call the child who is stroking the dog's body.2. We try to learn the truth speaking with the monks who assemble in the monastery.3. Sitting in the park you (pl.) eat fruits with friends.4. You drink milk seated on a chair.5. We set out from home to go and see the deer roaming in the forest.6. I wish to understand the doctrine.7. Standing on the mountain we see the moonlight falling on the sea.8. I drag the farmer's cart away from the road.9. You (pl.) sit on the seats, I bring drinking water from the house."óHEŖI/ ,€ē€PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. We wander in the fields looking at the birds eating seeds.11. I advise the wicked man who kills pigs.12. You (sg.) get frightened seeing the snake approaching the house.13. I ask questions from the men who come out of the forest.14. Seeing the crying child we call the doctor going on the road.15. I protect virtues, give alms to the monks and live in the house with children.16. Good men who fear evil deeds are born in heaven.17. Expecting to get profit we bring goods from the city.ėˆGÄK/ ,€×€PĄB‚`€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’18. We stand under the tree and sprinkle water on the flowers.19. I wash the bowls with water and give (them) to the doctor.20. Searching for the truth I give up the house and enter the monastery.21. Wishing to see the monks you (pl.) assemble in the park.22. I see a fruit falling from the crow's beak.23. You (sg.) cross the sea and bring a horse from the island.24. I set out from home to bring a lamp from the market.25. Having taken a basket I go to the field to collect corn.1 ŖIõK% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 13?ÄK4L% €4€P䀂’1. Conjugation of VerbsM&õKL' €L€PĄB‚`€‚’Present Tense Active Voice (contd.)×4LƒM+ $€Æ€Pä‚`€€ ‚’Verbs which have the base ending in -e are conjugated somewhat differently from what has been learnt so far. They can have two verbal bases, one ending in -e, the other ending in -aya, as in coreti and corayati.J!LĶM) "€B€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base core = to stealSingulary>ƒMFN; F€|€PĄB‚`€ƒ€ ‚€€ ƒ‚€ƒ€ ‚’3rd (So) coreti2nd (Tva½) coresi1st (Aha½) coremi. ĶMtN% €€ ‚`€ ‚’PluralW.FNĖN) "€\€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’(Te) corenti(Tumhe) coretha(Maya½) coremaL#tNO) "€F€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base coraya = to stealSingularDĖN–O; F€ˆ€PĄB‚`€ƒ€ ‚€ƒ€ ‚€ƒ€ ‚’3rd (So) corayati2nd (Tva½) corayasi1st (Aha½) coray±mi. OÄO% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Plural]4–O-€) "€h€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’(Te) corayanti(TuÄO-€ mhe) corayatha(Maya½) coray±maZ5ÄO‡€% €j€Pä€ ‚’2. Some verbs similarly conjugated are as follows:)½-€°l ¦€{€PĄB‚¢€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’deseti- preachescinteti- thinksp³jeti- honours, offersp³reti- fillsp²¼eti- oppresseskatheti- speaksu¹¹eti- fliesudeti- (sun or moon) risesropeti- plantsqń‡€!ƒ€ Ī€ć€PĄB„“ā€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’manteti- discusses, takes counsel±manteti- addressesnimanteti- invitesoloketi- looks atj±leti- kindlesch±deti- coversm±reti- killsneti- leads, takes away±neti- bringsµhapeti- keepsp±teti- fellsÆe°ŠƒJ d€Ź€PĄB„āō€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €€ €ƒ‚’p±leti- rules, governsparivajjeti- avoidsobh±seti- illuminatesdeti (dad±ti)- gives—o!ƒg„( €Ž€P䀀‚’3. N.B. Gerunds / absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed retaining the -e in the base.•mŠƒü„( €Ś€ą€€ ‚‚’Gerunds - desetv±, cintetv±, p³jetv±, p³retva etc.Infinitives - desetu½, cintetu½, p³jetu½, p³retu½ etc.qIg„m…( €’€Pä€ € ‚’4. Verbs which have the base ending in -n± are conjugated as follows:Dü„±…& €<€ ‚`€ ‚‚’Base kiŗ± = to buySingulary>m…*†; F€|€PĄB‚`€ƒ€ ‚€ƒ€ ‚€ƒ€ ‚’3rd (So) kiŗ±ti2nd (Tva½) kiŗ±si1st (Aha½) kiŗ±mi. ±…X†% €€ ‚`€ ‚’PluralW.*†Ɔ) "€\€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’(Te) kiŗanti(Tumhe) kiŗ±tha(Maya½) kiŗ±maW2X†‡% €d€Pä€ ‚’5. Some verbs similarly declined are as followsFŃƆLˆu ø€£€PĄB„Ųā€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ‚€‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’vikkiŗ±ti- sellssuŗ±ti- hearsmin±ti- measuresgaŗh±ti- takesuggaŗh±ti- learnsj±n±ti- knowsjin±ti- winsp±puŗ±ti / pappoti - reachesocin±ti- picks, collectspahiŗ±ti- sendsóȇ?‰+ $€‘€Pä‚`€€ ‚’N.B. It should be observed that the present tense verbal terminations remain constant. Only the vikaraŗa suffix, or the conjugational sign in between the root and the termination, shows variation.[6Lˆš‰% €l€Pä€ ‚’6. Attention should be paid to the following forms:5?‰Ļ‰% € € ‚`€ ‚’Present TenseU+š‰$Š* $€V€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚’j±n±tisuŗ±tip±puŗ±ti / pappotigaŗh±ti;Ļ‰_Š% €,€ ‚`€ ‚’Gerund / AbsolutiveqG$ŠŠŠ* $€Ž€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚’ńatv± / j±nitv±sutv± / suŗitv±patv± / p±puŗitv±gahetv± / gaŗhitv±2 _Š‹% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Infinitivej@ŠŠl‹* $€€€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚’ń±tu½sotu½ / suŗitu½p±puŗitu½ / pappotu½gahetu½ / gaŗhitu½»‹'Œ, &€€Pä€ € €‚’7. The two verbs bhavati / hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the language. Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:wKl‹žŒ, (€–€ą€ƒ€ ƒ‚ƒƒ‚’Gerund- bhavitv± / hutv±; katv±Infinitive- bhavitu½ / hotu½; k±tu½ø'ŒV( €!€Pä‚`€ ‚’The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root kĻ are special verbs of frequent occurrence. They are conjugated as follows:0 žŒ†% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Singular³XV9Ž[ †€°€PĄB‚`€ƒ€ ƒ‚€ƒ€ ƒ‚€ƒ€ ƒƒ‚‚€ƒ€ ƒ‚€ƒ€ ƒ‚€ƒ€ ƒ‚’3rdatthi2ndasi1stasmi / amhi3rdkaroti2ndkarosi1stkaromi. †gŽ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Plural^39ŽŎ+ &€f€ą€ ‚‚ƒ‚‚‚‚‚’santiatthaasma / amhakarontikarothakaroma3gŽųŽ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 13AŎ9% €8€Pä€ ‚’8. Translate into English-üųŽrĮ1 0€ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Buddho vih±rasmi½ sannipatant±na½ manuss±na½ dhamma½ deseti.2. Buddhassa p³jetu½ cintento up±sako pupph±ni ocin±ti.3. Te patte udakena p³rent± g9rĮ ²ta½ g±yanti.4. Tumhe arańńe vasante mige p²¼etv± asappuris± hotha.5. Maya½ ±paŗa½ gantv± v±ŗijehi saddhi½ kathetv± dhańńa½ vikkiŗ±ma.6. Tva½ u¹¹enta½ suka½ disv± gaŗhitu½ icchasi.7. Pabbatamh± udenta½ canda½ passitu½ kum±ro gharamh± dh±vati.8. Aha½ kassakehi saha khettasmi½ rukkhe ropemi.9. Maya½ amaccehi saha mantent± p±s±dasmi½ ±sanesu nis²d±ma.ļ9‘Ć0 .€ß€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Tumhe Tath±gatassa s±vake nimantetv± d±na½ detha.11. Up±sak± vih±ra½ gantv± d²pe j±letv± dhamma½ sotu½ nis²danti.12. Luddako s²sa½ (head) dussena ch±detv± nis²ditv± sakuŗe maretu½ ussahati.13. So vane ±hiŗ¹ante goŗe g±ma½ ±netv± v±ŗij±na½ vikkiŗ±ti.14. Tva½ ±paŗehi bhaŗ¹±ni kiŗitv± sakaµena ±netv± gehe µhapesi.15. Tumhe kakacehi rukkhe chinditv± pabbatamh± p±tetha.16. Dhammena manusse p±lent± bh³p±l± akusala½ parivajjenti.17. Sacca½ ń±tu½ icchanto aha½ samaŗehi pańhe pucch±mi.ėrĮ¬Å0 .€×€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’18. D±na½ datv± s²la½ rakkhant± sappuris± saggaloka½ p±puŗanti.19. Dhańńa½ minanto kassako ±paŗa½ netv± dhańńa½ vikkiŗitu½ cinteti.20. Aha½ pattena p±n²ya½ pivanto dv±rasmi½ µhatva magga½ olokemi.21. So ±paŗamh± kh²ra½ kiŗitu½ putta½ pahiŗ±ti.22. Maya½ dhamma½ uggaŗhitu½ ussahant± paŗ¹itena saha mantema.23. Corehi saddhi½ gehe bhinditv± manusse p²¼ent± tumhe asappuris± hotha.24. Aha½ suvaŗŗa½ pariyesam±ne d²pamh± ±gacchante v±ŗije j±n±mi.25. Aha½ ±cariyo homi, tva½ vejjo hosi.žq‘ĆJĒ- (€ć€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’26. Tva½ asappurisa, Buddhena desenta½ dhamma½ sutv± sappuriso bhavitu½ ussahasi.27. Aha½ paŗ¹itehi saddhi½ mantento dhammena d²pa½ p±lento bh³p±lo asmi.28. Var±he m±rent± cor± kassake p²¼ent± p±pakamm±ni karonti.29. S²la½ rakkhant± puńńakamm±ni karont± manuss± sagga½ pappotu½ ±kaŖkhanti.30. Akusala½ pah±ya p±pa½ parivajjetv± viharant± nar± sappuris± bhavanti.>¬ÅˆĒ% €2€Pä€ ‚’9. Translate into P±li šJĒØÉ0 .€į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Having picked fruits from the trees you send (them) to the market.2. Having heard the Buddha preach the doctrine I become glad.3. Thinking of collecting corn I go to the field with the farmer.4. Singing songs you (pl.) look at the birds flying in the sky.5. I advise the wicked man who oppresses the farmers in the village.6. We dig pits to plant trees in the park.7. We know the man who is lighting lamps in the monastery.8. You (pl.) cross the sea with sailors to reach the island.0ˆĒŲĖ0 .€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. The king governing the island wins.10. We begin to learn the dhamma from recluses living in the village.11. Searching for the truth the wise man goes from city to city.12. Avoiding the sleeping dog with his foot the child runs home.13. Wishing to be born in heaven wise men fear to do evil.14. Departing from the human world wicked men are born in hell (narake).15. Having invited the hermit from the mountain the king gives him a robe.16.Trying to understand the truth lay devotees become recluses. ŽØÉåĶ/ ,€½€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’17. Expecting to hear the monk preaching the dhamma lay devotees assemble in the monastery.18. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears (sotehi), touch with our bodies.19. I am the king governing the islands.20. You (pl.) are wicked men who take counsel with thieves.21. Good men begin to plant trees to protect the world.22. Having heard the dhamma, the thief wishes to avoid evil.23. Merchants keep clothes in shops to sell (them) to farmers coming from the villages."óŲĖ/ ,€ē€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’24. The sick man (gil±na) is a messenger of the gods in the human world.25. There are good men in the world who admonish wicked men.26. Having picked lotuses from the water, the doctor goes to the monastery to listen to the dhamma.27. Seeing the Buddha and being pleased the thief throws away the arrows.28. Wishing to avoid evil I practise virtue.29. We cook rice to give alms to the monks coming from the monastery.30. You (pl.) go from island to island searching for gold with merchåĶ ants.1 åĶD% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 14;% €,€P䀂’1. The Future Tenseé¾Dh+ $€}€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The future tense is formed by adding -ssa to the root / verbal base with, or in some cases without, the connecting vowel -i-; the terminations are the same as those in the present tense.I ±) "€@€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base paca = to cookSingularä€h•d –€€ą„“=€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) pacissati= He will cook2nd (Tva½) pacissasi= You will cook1st (Aha½) paciss±mi= I will cook. ±Ć% €€ ‚`€‚’PluralӁ•–R r€€ą„“=€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚’3rd (Te) pacissanti= They will cook2nd (Tumhe) pacissatha= You will cook1st (Maya½) paciss±ma= We will cookJ!Ćą) "€B€ ‚`€€ ‚‚’Base core = to stealSingular‚G–b; F€Ž€PĄB‚`€€ ƒ‚€€ ƒ‚€€ ƒ‚’3rd (So) coressati2nd (Tva½) coressasi1st (Aha½) coress±mi. ą% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Pluralc:bó) "€t€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’ (Te) coressanti (Tumhe) coressatha (Maya½) coress±maH;) "€>€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base kiŗ± = to buySingular‚Gó½; F€Ž€PĄB‚`€€ ƒ‚€€ ƒ‚€€ ƒ‚’3rd (So) kiŗissati2nd (Tva½) kiŗissasi1st (Aha½) kiŗiss±mi. ;ė% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Plural`7½K) "€n€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚’(Te) kiŗissanti(Tumhe) kiŗissatha(Maya½) kiŗiss±maX3ė£% €f€Pä€ ‚’2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:ņŗK•8 >€u€ą„A­€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚’gacchati- gamissati= he will go±gacchati- ±gamissati= he will comedad±ti- dadissati / dassati= he will givetiµµhati- µhassati= he will standkaroti- karissati= he will do3£Č% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 14A• % €8€Pä€ ‚’3. Translate into English?ČH 0 .€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. So pabbatamh± udenta½ canda½ passitu½ p±s±da½ ±ruhissati.2. Bh³p±lo corehi d²pa½ rakkhitu½ amaccehi saha mantessati.3. Aha½ samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ p±puŗitv± bhaŗ¹±ni vikkiŗiss±mi.4. Tumhe vih±ra½ upasaŖkamant± magge pupph±ni vikkiŗante manusse passissatha.5. Udaka½ otaritv± vatth±ni dhovanto kassako nah±yitv± geha½ ±gamissati.6. G±me viharanto tva½ nagara½ gantv± ratha½ ±nessasi.7. Puńńa½ k±tu½ icchant± tumhe sappuris± p±pamitte ovadissatha.8. Dhamma½ sotu½ uyy±ne nis²dant±na½ up±sak±na½ aha½ p±n²ya½ dass±mi.? ‡ 0 .€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Maya½ bh³p±l± dhammena d²pe p±less±ma.10. Rukkha½ p±tetv± phal±ni kh±ditu½ icchanta½ asappurisa½ aha½ akkos±mi.11. D±na½ dadam±n± s²la½ rakkhant± maya½ samaŗehi dhamma½ uggaŗhiss±ma.12. Dh±vantamh± sakaµamh± patanta½ d±raka½ disv± tva½ vejja½ ±nesi.13. Sacca½ adhigantu½ ussahanto t±paso Tath±gata½ passitu½ ±kaŖkhati.14. Buddhe pas²ditv± up±sako devaputto hutv± saggaloke uppajjati.15. Udenta½ suriya½ disv± br±hmaŗo geh± nikkhamma vandati.16. D²pa½ pappotu½ ±kaŖkham±n± maya½ samudda½ taritu½ n±vika½ pariyes±ma.ģH £0 .€Ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’17. Amaccassa d³ta½ pahiŗitu½ icchanto bh³p±lo aha½ asmi.18. Puńńakamm±ni karont±na½ v±ŗij±na½ dhana½ atthi.19. Maya½ g²t±ni g±yante naccante kum±re olokess±ma.20. P±pa½ parivajjetv± kusala½ karonte sappurise dev± p³jessanti.21. Sacca½ bh±sant± asappurise anus±sant± paŗ¹it± up±sak± bhavissanti.22. Tva½ dhańńena patta½ p³retv± ±cariyassa dassasi.23. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± c²vara½ sibbanta½ samaŗa½ aha½ upasaŖkamiss±mi.24. Aha½ sayantassa puttassa k±ya½ ±masanto mańcasmi½ nis²d±mi.a9‡ ( €r€PĄB‚€ ‚’25. Uyy±nesu rukkhe ropetu½ samaŗ± manusse anus±santi.>£B% €2€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into P±liēcA. *€Ļ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Having learnt the dhamma from the Buddha I will live righteously (dhammena) in the world.2. I will advise the king to rule the island rightBcA eously with his ministers.3. Keeping the garment on the seat the child will enter the water to bathe.4. Having heard the doctrine you (pl.) will become pleased with the Tath±gata. 5. They who are walking in the forest collecting fruits will desire to drink water.6. Farmers approaching the city will look at vehicles running on the road."óB…C/ ,€ē€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’7. The rising sun will illuminate the world.8. The trees in the park will bathe in the light of the moon.9. You (sg.) will be pleased seeing your sons asking questions from the wise man.10. The children will like to see the parrots eating fruits on the trees.11. We are doctors coming from the island, you are teachers going to the island.12. He will take money and go to the shop to buy goods.13. Having filled the bowl with drinking water the child will give it to the beggar eating rice.= cAĀE0 .€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’14. Men wishing to get merit will plant trees for people in the world.15. Searching for wealth wicked men will oppress farmers living righteously in villages.16. There are fruits on the trees in the mountains.17. Good men doing meritorious deeds will learn the dhamma from monks.18. Wise men instruct kings governing the islands.19. You will buy fish from fishermen coming from the sea.20. Wishing to learn the dhamma we approach the Buddha.21. Seeing the jackal coming to the park the children will get frightened.܅CŹF, &€¹€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚’22. They will go to see the king coming to the village with the ministers.23. You are a good man who lives righteously.24. I see a parrot picking a fruit with its beak.25. We will become good men practising virtue.1 ĀEūF% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 15M(ŹFHG% €P€P䀂’1. The Optative or the Potential Moodä¹ūF,H+ $€s€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The optative expresses mainly probability and advice, and ideas such as those conveyed by if, might, would, etc. It is formed by adding -eyya to the verbal base before terminations.?HGkH( €.€ ‚`€ € ‚’Base paca = to cook2 ,HH' €€ „¶C€ ‚’SingularքkHsIR r€ €ą„¶C€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) paceyya= If he would cook2nd (Tva½) paceyy±si= If you would cook1st (Aha½) paceyy±mi= If I would cook0 H£I' €€ „¶C€‚’PluralQsIōJP n€€ą„“A€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚‚’3rd (Te) paceyyu½= If they would cook2nd (Tumhe) paceyy±tha= If you would cook1st (Maya½) paceyy±ma= If we would cookIt should be observed that the terminations of the second and first persons are similar to those of the present tense.lG£I`K% €Ž€P䀂’2. The following particles are useful for construction of sentences. SōJLM j€¦€ą„GA€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚’sace / yadi= ifca= and pi= too, alsona= notviya= like, similarI$`KIL% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formation/īLxNA P€Ż€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒ‚€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’Singular1. Sace so bhatta½ paceyya, aham bhuńjeyy±mi.If he would cook rice I will eat.2. Sace tva½ iccheyy±si, aha½ cora½ puccheyy±mi.If you would like, I will question the thief.3. Yadi aha½ nagare vihareyy±mi, so pi nagara½ ±gaccheyya.If I dwell in the city, he too would come to the city.Plural1. Sace te bhatta½ paceyyu½, maya½ bhuńjeyy±ma.If they cook rice we will eat.2. Sace tumhe iccheyy±tha, maya½ core puccheyy±ma.If you so wish, we will question the thieves.£{ILO( €ö€ą€ ƒƒ‚ƒ‚’3. Yadi maya½ nagare vihareyy±ma, te pi nagara½ ±gaccheyyu½.If we dwell in the city, they too will come to the city.3xNNO% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 15AOO% €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into English?NOŚ0 .€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Sace tva½ dhamma½ suŗeyy±si, addh± (certainly) tva½ BuddhassaOŚ s±vako bhaveyy±si.2. Yadi te g²t±ni g±yitu½ uggaŗheyyu½, aha½ pi uggaŗheyy±mi.3. Sace tva½ b²j±ni pahiŗeyy±si, kassako t±ni (them) khette vapeyya.4. Sace tumhe padum±ni ocineyy±tha, kum±r± t±ni Buddhassa p³jeyyu½.5. Sace tva½ m³la½ gaŗheyy±si, aha½ dussa½ ±dadeyy±mi.6. Yadi maya½ bh³p±lena saha manteyy±ma amacc± na ±gaccheyyu½.7. Sace tumhe rukkhe ropeyy±tha d±rak± phal±ni bhuńjeyyu½.8. Sace maya½ sappuris± bhaveyy±ma, putt± pi sappuris± bhaveyyu½.0O „/ ,€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Sace bh³p±l± dhammena d²pe p±leyyu½, maya½ bh³p±lesu pas²deyy±ma.10. Sace kassako goŗa½ vikkiŗeyya, v±ŗijo ta½ kiŗeyya.11. Sace manusse p²¼ent± asappuris± g±ma½ ±gaccheyyu½ aha½ te ovadeyy±mi.12. Yadi amacc± p±pa½ parivajeyyu½, manuss± p±pa½ na kareyyu½.13. Sace tumhe pabbata½ ±ruheyy±tha, ±hiŗ¹ante mige ca rukkhesu carante makkaµe ca u¹¹ente sakuŗe ca passeyy±tha.14. Sace tva½ pattena p±n²ya½ ±neyy±si pip±sito (thirsty) so piveyya.15. Kusalakamm±ni katv± tumhe manussaloke uppajitu½ ussaheyy±tha.€SŚŠ…- (€§€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’16. Sace so vejjo bhaveyya, aha½ ta½ (him) rodanta½ d±raka½ passitu½ ±neyy±mi.17. Yadi putto p±pa½ kareyya aha½ ta½ (him) ovadeyy±mi.18. Sace amacco paŗ¹ita½ ±cariya½ ±neyya maya½ dhamma½ uggaŗheyy±ma.19. Sace aha½ hatthena suva½ phusitu½ ussaheyy±mi so geh± uppateyya.20. Yadi so vejja½ pakkositu½ iccheyya aha½ ta½ (him) ±neyy±mi.> „ȅ% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li[,Š…#ˆ/ ,€Y€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. If you cover the evil deeds your sons do, they will become thieves.2. If you (pl.) want to become virtuous men avoid evil.3. If we look with our eyes we will see objects in the world, if we look with our minds we will see good and evil.4. If you (sg.) start singing a song, the children will start dancing.5. If we depart from the human world we will not fear to be born in the human world.6. If gods are born in the human world they will do meritorious deeds.7. If you search for the truth you will approach the Buddha living in the monastery. Ūȅ-Š/ ,€·€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’8. If you admonish the merchant he will become a virtuous man.9. If I invite the monk he will come home to preach the dhamma.10. If you are a good man you will not kill oxen roaming in the forest.11. If you do work in the field you will get wealth and corn.12. If the king wishes to govern the island righteously he will discuss with wise men and ministers.13. If you work in the field you will see farmers ploughing.14. I see boys playing in the park with a monkey.·‰#ˆä‹. *€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’15. If they want to see birds singing they will go to the park.16. If you listen to the dhamma you will be able to live righteously.17. If you avoid evil friends (p±pamitte) you will become a good man.18. If the minister is not a good man we will not approach him.19. If there are fruits on the tree I will climb to pick them (t±ni).20. If I pick fruits you will eat them with friends.1 -ŠŒ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 169ä‹NŒ% €(€P䀂’1. The ImperativeoHŒ½Œ' €€PĄB‚`€‚’The imperative mood expresses a command, benediction, prayer or wish.I NŒ) "€@€ ‚`€€ ‚‚’Base paca - to cookSingularĀq½ŒȍQ r€ā€ą„“A€€€ ƒ€ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) pacatu= Let him cook2nd (Tva½) paca,pac±hi= You cook1st (Aha½) pac±mi= Let me cook. ö% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural‘7ȍ‡Z ‚€o€ą„“A€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚‚€ €‚’3rd (Te) pacantu= Let them cook2nd (Tumhe) pacatha= You cook1st (Maya½) pac±ma= Let us cookIt should be observed that the second person plural and first person singular and plural have the same forms as in the present tense.The prohibitive particle m± is also used with the imperative.I$öŠ% €H€P䀂’2. Examples in sentence formation ƇēĮH ^€‡€ą€‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚ŠēĮ €‚€ ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚€€ ‚’Singular1. So v±ŗij±na½ bhatta½ pacatu.Let him cook rice for the merchants.2. Tva½ rathena nagara½ gaccha / gacch±hi.You go to the city in the vehicle.3. Aha½ dhamma½ uggaŗh±mi.Let me learn the dhamma.Plural1. Te v±ŗij±na½ bhatta½ pacantu.Let them cook rice for the merchants.2. Tumhe rathena nagara½ gacchatha.You go to the city in the vehicle.3. Maya½ dhamma½ uggaŗh±ma.Let us learn the dhamma.The prohibitive particle m±¼Š£Ā- (€€ą€ € ‚ƒ‚‚ƒ‚’1. M± tumhe sacca½ parivajjetha.You do not avoid the truth.2. M± te uyy±namhi pupph±ni ocinantu.Let them not pick flowers in the park.3ēĮÖĀ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 16A£ĀĆ% €8€Pä€ ‚’3. Translate into EnglishąÖĀ(Å1 0€Į€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Bh³p±l± dhammena d²pa½ p±lentu.2. M± manusso bh±yatu, sace so sacca½ j±n±ti, bh±satu.3. Tumhe p±pa½ karonte putte ovadatha.4. Sugato dhamma½ desetu, s±vak± ca up±sak± ca vih±rasmi½ nis²danti.5. M± te p±pakamm±ni katv± manussalokamh± cavitv± narake (in purgatory) uppajjantu.6. M± cor± kassak±na½ goŗe m±rentu.7. M± tva½ sunakha½ ±mas±hi, so ta½ (you) ¹aseyya.8. Tumhe d²pe j±letv± vih±rasmi½ r³p±ni oloketha.9. Tumhe asappurise ±mantetv± dhammena j²vitu½ anus±satha.šlĆĀĘ. *€Ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Putta, m± tva½ p±pamitte upasaŖkama.11. Sace tumhe saccam bh±situ½ ussaheyy±tha, tumhe sappuris± bhaveyy±tha.12. Sace tva½ p±s±ŗe khipeyy±si, k±k± ca sakuŗ± ca ±k±sa½ uppateyyu½.13. M± d±raka p±n²ya½ pivitv± patta½ bhinda.14. M± suvaŗŗa½ coretv± gacchant± cor± samudda½ tarantu.15. Up±saka, m± putte akkos±hi, samaŗehi saddhi½ mantetv± putte anus±s±hi.>(ÅĒ% €2€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into P±li,üĀĘ,É0 .€ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. May the king ruling the island protect the people righteously.2. Let the children playing in the park collect falling leaves.3. Let the farmers and merchants assemble in the king's park.4. Let the sons climb the mountain to see lions, deer and birds.5. Do not cut trees in forests if you wish to protect deer.6. Let the child not come down the stairway, he will fall.7. Let the farmer plough the fields and sow seeds, let him not kill goats.8. Let the parrots fly taking fruits with their beaks.šĮĒĖ/ ,€ƒ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Sons, do not commit sins, live righteously.10. May the disciples of the Buddha get alms and robes.11. Let the children come out of the house and see the moon rising from the mountain.12. Boys, do not go and kill deer in the forest with the hunter.13. You (pl.) run home and bring water for the farmers ploughing the field.14. Do not ask questions from the king's messenger.15. You lay devotees should try to avoid evil and do good deeds.1 ,ÉMĖ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 179Ė†Ė% €(€P䀂’1. The Past Tense^4MĖäĖ* $€h€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -a.I †Ė-Ģ) "€@€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base paca = to cookSingularŹyäĖ÷ĢQ r€ņ€ą„“]€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) apaci, paci= He cooked2nd (Tva½) apaci, paci= You cooked1st (Aha½) apaci½, paci½= I cooked. -Ģ%Ķ% €€ ‚`€‚’PluralĢf÷ĢńĪf š€Ķ€ą„“Ń€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€ €€ €‚€ €‚’3rd (Te) apaci½su, paci½su= They cooked2nd (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha= You cooked1st (Maya½) apacimha, pacimha= We cookedIt should be noted that a- in apaci, apaci½su etc. is not a negative prefix. It is the augment (optional) denoting the past tense.Verbs whose bases end in -n± are also conjugated in the past tense as above.]3%ĶNĻ* $€f€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -eJ!ńĪ˜Ļ) "€B€ ‚`€ € ‚‚’Base core = to stealSingularČwNĻlQ r€ī€ą„“‰€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚’3rd (So) coresi, co˜Ļl rayi= He stole2nd (Tva½) coresi= You stole1st (Aha½) coresi½, corayi½= I stole. ˜Ļš% €€ ‚`€‚’PluralĶ|lgQ r€ų€ą„“‰€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ€ €ƒ‚’3rd (Te) coresu½, corayi½su= They stole2nd (Tumhe) corayitha= You stole1st (Maya½) corayimha= We stoleI$š°% €H€P䀂’2. Examples in sentence formation/ gß$ €€ą€‚’Singulard°CS t€#€PĄB„6€€ €ƒ‚ƒ€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒ€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’1. Bh³p±lo d²pe cari / acari- The king wandered in the island.Samaŗo dhamma½ desesi- The monk preached the dhamma.2. Tva½ bhaŗ¹±ni vikkiŗi- You sold goods.Tva½ pupph±ni p³jesi- You offered the flowers.3. Aha½ pabbata½ ±ruhi½- I climbed the mountain.u9ßø< H€r€PĄB†63€ƒ€ €ƒƒ‚ƒ€ €‚’Aha½ d²pa½ j±lesi½ / - I lit the lamp.j±layi½- Cå$ €€ą€‚’PluralˆNøm: D€œ€PĄB†6SA€€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚’1. Bh³p±l± d²pesu cari½su / - Kings wandered in the islands.acari½su„Iåń; F€’€PĄB†6OA€ƒ€ €ƒ‚ƒ€ €‚’Samaŗ± dhamma½ desesu½ / - Monks preached the dhamma.desayi½suÄmK d€‰€PĄB„6A€€ €ƒ‚ƒ€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒ€ €ƒ‚’2. Tumhe bhaŗ¹±ni vikkiŗittha- You sold goods.Tumhe pupph±ni p³jayittha- You offered flowers.3. Maya½ pabbate ±ruhimha- We climbed mountains.Maya½ d²pe j±layimha- We lit lamps.3ń3% €€ ‚`€‚’Exercise 17At% €8€P䀂’3. Translate into Englishß3‚/ ,€æ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Kassako khetta½ kasitv± nah±yitu½ udaka½ otari.2. Uggaŗhant±na½ d±rak±na½ d±tu½ ±cariy± kusum±ni ±hari½su.3. Up±sak± ±sanehi uµµhahitv± dhamma½ desetu½ upasaŖkamanta½ samaŗa½ vandi½su.4. Nagaresu kamm±ni katv± vetane labhitu½ ±kaŖkham±n± nar± g±mehi nikkhami½su.5. µcariyo ±sana½ dussena ch±detv± samaŗa½ nis²ditu½ nimantesi.6. Kum±ro dv±ra½ vivaritv± rukkhamh± oruhante v±nare passam±no aµµh±si (stood).7. Paŗ¹ito goŗe coretv± akusala½ karonte nare pakkositv± ovadi.+üt­ / ,€ł€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’8. Y±cakassa putt± rukkhehi patant±ni phal±ni sa½haritv± ±paŗasmi½ vikkiŗi½su.9. Kassako dhańńa½ minitv± v±ŗijassa vikkiŗitu½ pahiŗi.10. Dhamma½ uggaŗhitv± samaŗo bhavitu½ ±kaŖkham±no amacco ±cariya½ pariyesam±no Buddha½ upasaŖkami.11. Sace tumhe g±ma½ p±puŗeyy±tha mitte olokeyy±tha.12. Paŗ¹itamh± pańhe pucchitv± sacca½ j±nitu½ m±tulo ussahi.13. P±s±ŗamhi µhatv± aja½ kh±danta½ s²ha½ disv± v±nar± bh±yi½su.14. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± git±ni g±yant±na½ kum±r±na½ k±yesu paŗŗ±ni ca pupph±ni ca pati½su.)ł‚Ö 0 .€ó€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’15. Tumhe dhana½ sa½haram±n± m± samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gacchatha.16. µpaŗasmi½ bhaŗ¹±ni vikkiŗantassa v±ŗijassa ratho atthi.17. Aha½ puttassa d±tu½ dussa½ sibbanto g²ta½ g±yi½.18. S³kar± ca sunakh± ca khette ±v±µe khaŗi½su.19. Puris± rukkham³le nis²ditv± t±pasena bh±sam±na½ suŗi½su.20. Luddakena saddhi½ vane ±hiŗ¹ante putte ±mantetv± kassak± akkosi½su.21. M± tva½ suvaŗŗapatta½ vikkiŗitv± khagge kiŗ±hi.22. So bhaŗ¹±ni ca khetta½ ca goŗe ca putt±na½ daµv± geha½ pah±ya samaŗo bhavitu½ cintesi.Ēœ­  + $€9€PĄB‚€‚‚‚’23. Dhammena j²vant± sappuris± mige na m±resu½.24. Aha½ sop±na½ ±ruhi½, te sop±namh± oruhi½su.25. Sah±yak± udaka½ otaritv± nah±yant± padum±ni ocini½su.>Ö Ū % €2€P䀂’4. Translate into P±liģ  @/ ,€Ł€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The child sprinkled the lotuses with water and honoured the Buddha with them.2. Having received the pay the men went to the market and bought goods.3. The fisherman brought fish from the sea and sold them to the farmers.4. If you go to bathe wash the clothes of the children.5. The parrots and the crows flew into the sky from the trees.6. Do not scold the children playing under the tree with the dog.7. I spoke to the people sitting in the park having assembled to see the king.Ū  @ öĖŪ A+ $€—€PĄB‚€‚‚‚’8. We got frightened seeing a serpent enter the house.9. I gave water to my son eating rice together with his friend.10. Do not do evil, do good to enter heaven after departing from the human world.1 @3A% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 18X0A‹A( €`€P䀀‚’1. Declension of feminine nouns ending in -±@3AĖA& €4€ ‚`€‚‚’Vanit± - womanSingularźˆ‹AµBb ’€€PĄB€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚’Nom.vanit±Voc.vaniteAcc.vanita½Ins.vanit±yaAbl.vanit±yaDat.vanit±yaGen. vanit±yaLoc.vanit±ya, vanit±ya½. ĖAćB% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural«|µBŽC/ .€ų€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’vanit±, vanit±yovanit±, vanit±yovanit±, vanit±yovanit±hi (vanit±bhi)vanit±hi (vanit±bhi)vanit±na½vanit±na½vanit±suV1ćBäC% €b€P䀂’2. The following nouns are similarly declined:U+ŽC9D* $€V€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’(Most nouns ending in -± are feminine).ū»äC4E@ N€w€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’kańń± / d±rik±- girlgaŖg±- river Gangesn±v±- shipamm±- motherpańń±- wisdoms±l±- hallbhariy±- wifesabh±- assemblykath±- speechlat±- creeperguh±- cavech±y±- shadowXŌ9DŒF„ ր©€PĄB‚ź€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’v±luk±- sandmańj³s±- boxm±l±- garlandsur±- liquors±kh±- branchdevat±- deityparis±- retinuesaddh±- faith, devotiong²v±- neckjivh±- tonguepip±s±- thirstkhud±- hunger=4EÉF% €0€P䀂’3. Vocabulary - VerbsÜNŒF„HŽ ź€€PĄB‚ō€ ƒ€‚€ €ƒƒƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€ƒƒƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚ƒƒ‚€ €ƒƒƒƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒƒƒƒƒ‚€ €ƒƒ‚’sakkoti- can, is ablepariv±reti- accompanies, surroundsniv±reti- preventsanubandhati- follows, chases afterkujjhati- gets angrynamassati- salutes,worshipsposeti- brings up, nourishesv±yamati- triesnil²yati- hidessallapati- engages in conversationmodati- is happy, enjoys”VÉF9I> L€¬€PĄB„+Q€ €ƒƒƒƒƒ‚€ ƒ€ƒƒƒƒ‚’sukha½ vindati- experiences joydukkha½ vindati- experiences sufferingzB„H³I8 @€„€PĄB„ōQ€ €ƒ‚€ ƒ€‚ƒƒ‚’paµiy±deti- preparespakkhipati- puts, places, deposits39IęI% €€ ‚`€‚’Exercise 18A³I'J% €8€P䀂’4. Translate into English×ęI.L0 .€Æ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Sace sabh±ya½ kańń±yo katheyyu½ aham pi kathess±mi.2. D±rik±yo pupph±ni ocinitv± s±l±ya½ nis²ditv± m±l±yo kari½su.3. Vanit± rukkhassa s±kh±yo chinditv± ±ka¹¹hi.4. Bhariy± mańj³s±su vatth±ni ca suvaŗŗa½ ca µhapesi.5. D±rik± p±s±dassa ch±y±ya½ nis²ditv± v±luk±ya k²¼i½su.6. Bhariy±ya katha½ sutv± pas²ditv± kassako sappuriso abhavi.7. Devat±yo puńń±ni karonte dhammena j²vante manusse rakkhantu.8. Pabbatasmi½ guh±su vasant± s²h± v±luk±ya k²¼ante mige m±resu½.%ö'JSN/ ,€ķ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. Amm± d±rik±ya kujjhitv± hatthena pahari.10. Vanit±yo saddh±ya bhatta½ pacitv± vih±ra½ netv± samaŗ±na½ p³jesu½11. Tumhe m± sura½ pivatha, m± gil±n± (sick) bhavitu½ ussahatha.12. Dhammena dhana½ sa½haram±n± pańń±ya putte posent± nar± manussaloke sukha½ vindanti.13. Sace tumhe n±v±ya gaŖga½ tareyy±tha d²pasmi½ vasante t±pase disv± ±gantu½ sakkissatha.14. Parisa½ pariv±retv± p±s±damh± nikkhamanta½ bh³p±la½ disv± vanit±yo modanti.15. Kańń±yo s±l±ya½ sannipatitv± kum±rehi saddhi½ sallapi½su.g:.LŗO- (€u€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚’16. Khud±ya p²¼enta½ gil±na½ y±caka½ disv± amm± bhatta½ adadi / ad±si.17. Guh±ya½ nil²yitv± sura½ pivant± cor± s²ha½ passitv± bh±yi½su.18. Var±he m±retv± j²vanto naro gil±no hutv± dukkha½ vindati.19. V±ŗijassa ±paŗe mańj³s±ya½ m³la½ (money) atthi.20. Samaŗ± manusse p±p± niv±retv± sappurese k±tu½ v±yamanti.>SN €% €2€P䀂’5. Translate into P±liŗO € ńŗO,‚/ ,€ć€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The man stood on the road asking my mother the way to go to the monastery.2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the monastery.3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.ŚÆ €ƒ+ $€_€PĄB‚€‚‚‚’8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave the woman ran.1 ,‚7ƒ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 19=ƒtƒ% €0€P䀂’1.The Past Participle”j7ƒ„* $€Ō€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-. Žtƒ† Ģ€€ą†Ae+€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ €‚’pacati- pac + i + ta= pacita= cookedbh±sati- bh±s + i + ta= bh±sita= spokeny±cati- y±c + i + ta= y±cita= beggeddeseti- dis' + i + ta= desita= preachedp³jeti- p³j + i + ta= p³jita= honouredgacchati- gam + ta= gata= gonehanati- han + ta= hata= killednayati / neti- n² + ta= n²ta= ledThe past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.󣄇P n€G€ą†Ae+€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚€ ƒƒ€ƒ‚’chindati- chid + na= chinna= cutbhindati- bhid + na= bhinna= brokennis²dati- ni + sad + na= nisinna= seatedtarati- tĻ + na= tiŗŗa= crossed.’†6‰/ ,€’€PĄB‚`€€ ‚‚‚‚‚’2. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning. They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter, and -± ending nouns in the feminine.Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore:pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)chinna½ paŗŗa½ = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)nimantit± kańń± = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).$ł‡ZŠ+ $€ó€PĄB‚`€ ‚‚‚‚’But gacchati, patati, tiµµhati are intransitive verbs. Therefore:manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning);puppha½ patita½ (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning); kańń± µhit± (hoti) = the girl has stood (active meaning).R-6‰¬Š% €Z€Pä€ ‚’3. The following are some past participles»ZŠĀŒ[ „€w€PĄB†Ųe+€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒƒƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’kasati- kasita, kaµµhapucchati- pucchita, puµµhapacati- pacita, pakka¹asati- daµµhaphusati- phuµµhapavisati- paviµµha±masati- ±masita, ±maµµhalabhati- laddha, labhita±rabhati- ±raddhabhavati- bh³tabhuńjati- bhuńjita, bhuttavapati- vuttavasati- vuttha±sińcati- ±sittakhipati- khittadhovati- dhovita, dhotapajahati- pah²navivarati- vivaµapivati- p²tacavati- cutahanati- hatanikkhamati- nikkhanta2謊ōJ b€Ń€PĄB†Ųe+€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ€‚’j±n±ti- ń±tasuŗ±ti- sutamin±ti- mitagaŗh±ti- gahitakiŗ±ti- k²tap±puŗ±ti- pattakaroti- katatiµµhati- µhitaharati- haµakujjhati- kuddhadad±ti- dinnapas²dati- pasanna(passati)- diµµha, (dĻ³)muńcati- muttaI$ĀŒ=Ž% €H€P䀂’4. Examples in sentence formation8āōĄV z€Å€PĄB†@e+€€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚’1. Up±sakehi vih±ra½ paviµµho Buddho diµµho hoti.The Buddha who entered the monastery was seen by the lay devotees.2. Te Buddhena desita½ dhamma½ suŗi½su.They listened to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.3. D±rik±ya ±haµ±ni bhaŗ¹±ni amm± piµakesu pakkhipi.The mother put in baskets the goods brought by the girl.4. V±nijo patitassa rukkhassa s±kh±=ŽĄ yo chindi.The merchant cut the branches of the fallen tree.5. Maya½ udakena ±sittehi pupphehi Buddha½ p³jema.՟=ŽVĮ6 :€?€PĄB†@e+€ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚’We may worship the Buddha with flowers sprinkled with water.6. Kassakena kasite khette s³karo sayati.A pig sleeps in the field ploughed by the farmer.3Ą‰Į% €€ ‚`€‚’Exercise 19AVĮŹĮ% €8€P䀂’5. Translate into EnglishA‰Į Ä1 0€!€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Amm±ya mańj³s±ya½ pakkhitta½ suvaŗŗa½ d±rik± na gaŗhi.2. Dhot±ni vatth±ni gahetv± bhariy± udakamh± uttari.3. Kassakehi uyy±ne ropitesu rukkhesu phal±ni bhavi½su.4. Buddh± devehi ca narehi ca p³jit± honti.5. Udakena p³rita½ patta½ gahetv± vanit± geha½ ±gat± hoti.6. Adhammena (unrighteously) d²pa½ p±lentena bh³p±lena p²¼it± manuss± kuddh± honti.7. Pakka½ (ripe) phala½ tuŗ¹ena gahetv± u¹¹enta½ suva½ aha½ apassi½.8. Udento suriyo br±hmaŗena namassito hoti.9. Amm±ya j±lita½ d²pa½ ±daya putto vih±ra½ paviµµho hoti.*ūŹĮ5Ę/ ,€÷€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Vanit±ya dussena ch±dite ±sane samaŗo nis²ditv± sannipatit±ya paris±ya dhamma½ desesi.11. Kassakena khetta½ ±n²t± goŗ± tiŗa½ kh±dant± ±hiŗ¹i½su.12. V±ŗij± mańj³s±su µhapit±ni duss±ni na vikkiŗi½su13. Sace tva½ sacca½ j±neyy±si m± putta½ akkosa.14. N±v±ya nikkhant± nar± samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ p±puŗitv± bhariy±hi saddhi½ kathent± modanti.15. Magge µhite v±ŗijassa sakaµe aha½ kańń±ya ±n²t±ni bhaŗ¹±ni µhapesi½.16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetv± j²vant± manuss± devat±hi rakkhit± honti.G Ä|Č. *€3€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’17. S±vakehi ca up±sakehi ca pariv±rito Buddho vih±rassa ch±y±ya nisinno hoti.18. Amm±ya p±pehi niv±rit± putt± sappuris± hutv± dhamma½ suŗanti.19. Kassake p²¼ent± cor± paŗ¹itena anus±sit± sappuris± bhavitu½ v±yamant± up±sakehi saddhi½ uyy±ne rukkhe ropenti.20. Vanit± putt±ya paµiy±ditamh± bhattamh± khud±ya p²¼itassa y±cakassa thoka½ (little) datv± p±n²ya½ ca dadi / ad±si.21. Sabh±ya½ nis²ditv± d±rik±ya g±yita½ g²ta½ sutv± kańń±yo modi½su.22. Amaccena nimantit± puris± s±l±ya½ nis²ditu½ asakkont± (unable) uyy±ne sannipati½su.15Ę­Ź/ ,€€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’23. Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi b²jehi thoka½ (little) sakuŗ± kh±di½su.24. Kum±rehi rukkham³le nil²yitv± sayanto sappo diµµho hoti.25. V±ŗijena d²pamh± ±haµ±ni vatth±ni kiŗitu½ vanit±yo icchanti.26. Sace bh³p±lo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kamm±ni katv± d±rake posent± sukha½ vindeyyu½.27. Puttena y±cit± amm± mitt±na½ odana½ paµiy±desi.28. Amaccena puµµha½ pańha½ adhigantu½ asakkonto cor±na½ d³to cintetu½ ±rabhi.29. Corehi guh±ya½ nil²yit±ni bhaŗ¹±ni passitv± v±nar± t±ni (them) ±d±ya rukkhe ±ruhi½su.Z2|ČĖ( €d€PĄB‚€‚’3o. Aha½ pariyesita½ dhamma½ adhigantv± mod±mi.>­ŹEĖ% €2€P䀂’6. Translate into P±liļĖdĶ0 .€ß€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.2. The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.3. The king is seated in the chariot drawn by horses.4. Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.5. The children went out of the open door.6. The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.7. Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.8. The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women. ×EĖmĻ2 2€Æ€PĄB‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’9. I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest10. Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (s²gha½) ran home.11. The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.12. We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.13. You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.14. Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.15. Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.AdĶŗ. *€'€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’16. The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.17. The girl being called by mĻŗ the mother ran home to eat rice.18. The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.19. The farmer who makes a living righteously, ploughing his fields experiences happiness with his wife and children.20. Deities who have departed from the world of gods and are born in the human world rejoice listening to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.21. The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.ģ»mĻ¦1 0€w€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’22. There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.23. Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.24. The minister is not known to the doctor.25. Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.26. Sons, do not drink liquor.27. Mothers prevent children from evil.28. I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.29. Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.30. We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.1 ŗ×% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 20X0¦/( €`€P䀀‚’1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -iG!×v& €B€ ‚`€‚‚’Bh³mi = earth, groundSingularß~/Ua ’€ü€PĄB€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚’Nom.bh³miVoc.bh³miAcc.bh³mi½Ins.bh³miy±Abl.bh³miy±Dat.bh³miy±Gen.bh³miy±Loc.bh³miy±, bh³miya½. vƒ% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural qU#/ .€ā€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’bh³m², bh³miyobh³m², bh³miyobh³m², bh³miyobh³m²hi, (bh³m²bhi)bh³m²hi, (bh³m²bhi)bh³m²na½bh³m²na½bh³m²su¶ŽƒŁ( €€ą€€ ‚’Feminine nouns ending in -² are also similarly declined with the only exception being the nominative and vocative singular which end in-².5#% € €Pä€ ‚’2. VocabularyGŁU( €>€ ‚`€ € ‚’Feminine nouns ending in -iS×Ø| ʀÆ€PĄB‚Ų€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’aŖguli- fingeraµavi- forestratti- nightdoŗi- boatyuvati- maidenyaµµhi- walking stickasani- thunderboltn±¼i- unit of measurerasmi- rayiddhi- psychic powersammajjani- broomGUļ( €>€ ‚`€€ ‚’Feminine nouns ending in -²QÕØ@ | ʀ«€PĄB‚Ų€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚’nad²- rivern±r² / itth²- womantaruŗ²- young womanbhagin²- sisterv±p²- tankpokkharaŗ²- pondkadal²- bananabr±hmaŗ²- brahmin womang±v²- cowr±jin² / dev²- queenkum±r²- girl0 ļp % €€P䀂’3. Verbs’Ć@ o < F€‡€PĄB‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’vy±karoti- explainspattheti- aspiresvissajjeti- spends±roceti- informsmuńcati- releasesn²hareti- takes outpeseti- sendspaµicc±deti- concealsveµheti- wrapsviheµheti- harasses3p ¢ % €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 20Ao ć % €8€Pä€ ‚’4. Translate into English8 ¢ / ,€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Bh³p±lo r±jiniy± saddhi½ n±v±ya nadi½ taranto udake carante macche olokento amaccehi saddhi½ katheti.2. P±niya½ pivitv± d±rik±ya bh³miya½ nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.3. Kassak±na½ g±viyo aµaviya½ ±hiŗ¹itv± khetta½ ±gami½su.4. Rattiy± samuddasmi½ patit± candassa rasmiyo oloketv± taruŗiyo modi½su.5. Up±sak± iddhiy± ±k±se gacchanta½ t±pasa½ disv± pasann± honti.6. Bhaginiy± saddhi½ pokkharaŗiy± t²re (bank) µhatva so padum±ni ocinitu½ v±yami.7. N±riyo v±p²su nah±yitu½ v± (or) vatth±ni dhovitu½ v± na icchi½su.ēć <@. *€Ļ€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’8. Yuvatiy± puµµha½ pańha½ vy±k±tu½ asakkonto aha½ t±ya (with her) saddhi½ sallapitu½ ±rabhi½.9. Asappurisena puttena kata½ p±pakamma½ paµicch±detu½ amm± na ussahi.10. Bhaginiy± dussena veµhetv± mańcasmi½ µhapita½ bhaŗ¹a½ itth² mańj³s±ya½ pakkhipi.11. M± tumhe magge sayanta½ kukkura½ viheµhetha.12. Sappuriso amacco dhana½ vissajjetv± y±cak±na½ vasitu½ s±l±yo g±mesu karitv± bh³p±la½ ±rocesi.13. Kum±ro suva½ hatthamh± muńcitv± ta½ <@ u¹¹enta½ passam±no rodanto rukkham³le aµµh±si.Ļ„ A* "€K€PĄB‚€ ‚‚’14. Saddh±ya d±na½ dadam±n± kusala½ karont± sappuris± puna(again) manussaloke uppajjitu½ patthenti.15. Kum±ro mańj³sa½ vivaritv± s±µaka½ n²haritv± amm±ya pesesi.><@IA% €2€Pä€ ‚’5. Translate into P±li$õ AmC/ ,€ė€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. There are lotuses and fishes in ponds in the king's park.2. The young women picked lotuses from the tank and kept them on the ground.3. The queen spoke with her sisters who came having crossed the river by boat.4. I saw the dog chasing the cow in the field.5. Women and girls did not climb trees to pick fruits and flowers.6. You (pl.) went to the river to bathe and got frightened hearing the peal of thunder (asanisadda½).7. You (pl.) do not conceal the evil committed with your friends.’ŌIAlD+ $€©€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚’8. If you spent money to buy clothes, inform your mother.9. Send the lotuses wrapped in lotus leaves to the young girls seated in the hall.10. We can explain the questions asked by the women in the assembly.1 mCD% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 21J%lDēD% €J€P䀂’1. The Present Participle (contd.)7DF4 6€€PĄB‚`€€ €€ €‚’This lesson is a continuation of Lesson 11 and should be studied together with that lesson. It was learnt in Lesson 11 that -nta / -m±na are added to the base of verbs which end in -a, to form the present participle masculine and neutuer genders. e.g.:?ĪēD]Hq °€€ą‚±€ ƒ‚ƒ‚€€ €‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚€ ƒ‚ƒ‚€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚’paca + nta= pacantapaca + m±na= pacam±naThey are declined like -a ending nouns in these two genders.Further it should be noted that with verbs whose base ends in -e / -aya, -nta is usually added to the base ending in -e; and -m±na is added to the base ending in -aya. e.g.:core + nta= corentacoraya + m±na= corayam±naWith verbs whose base ends in -n± both -nta / -m±na are generally added, but the -n± is shortened to -na. e.g.:ĒFcI? L€€ą‚±€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚€€ €€ €‚’kiŗ± + nta= kiŗantakiŗ± + m±na= kiŗam±nasuŗ± + nta= suŗantasuŗ± + m±na= suŗam±naPresent participles ending in -nta occur more frequently in P±li literature than those ending in -m±na.šj]HżI0 0€Ō€PĄB‚`€€€ €‚’2. The present participle feminine gender is formed by adding -nt² / -m±n± to the verbal base. e.g.:‰:cI†KO l€u€ą‚±€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚’paca + nt²= pacant²paca + m±n±= pacam±n±core + nt²= corent²coraya + m±n±= corayam±n±kiŗ± + nt²= kiŗant²kiŗ± + m±n±= kiŗam±n±When -nt² is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine nouns ending in -². When -m±n± is added it is declined like feminine nouns ending in -±.O#żIÕK, (€F€ ‚`€€ €‚‚’Declension of pacant²Singularņ†KĒLb ’€!€PĄB€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚’Nom.pacant²Voc.pacant²Acc.pacanti½Ins.pacantiy±Abl.pacantiy±Dat.pacantiy±Gen.pacantiy±Loc.pacantiy±, pacantiya½. ÕKõL% €€ ‚`€‚’Plural¹‰ĒL®M0 .€€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’pacant², pacantiyopacant², pacantiyopacant², pacantiyopacant²hi (pacant²bhi)pacant²hi (pacant²bhi)pacant²na½pacant²na½pacant²suI$õL÷M% €H€P䀂’3. Examples in sentence formation½®M€Z ‚€{€ą€€‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚€€‚€ €‚ƒ‚€ €‚’Singular1. Amm± bhatta½ pacant² kańń±ya saddhi½ katheti.Cooking rice the mother speaks with the girl.2. Kańń± bhatta½ pacanti½ amma½ passati.The girl sees the mother cooking rice.3. Kańń± bhatta½ pacantiy± amm±ya udaka½ deti.The girl gives water to the mother cooking rice.Plural1. Bhatta½ pacantiyo amm±yo kańń±hi saddhi½ kathenti.Cooking rice mothers speak with girls.2. Kańń±yo bhatta½ pacantiyo amm±y÷M€ o passanti.4÷MN0 .€ €ą€ƒ‚€ €‚ƒ‚‚’Girls see mothers cooking rice.3. Kańń±yo bhatta½ pacant²na½ amm±na½ udaka½ denti.Girls give water to mothers cooking rice.Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they qualify.3€% €€ ‚`€‚’Exercise 21ANĀ% €8€P䀂’4. Translate into English ߁Ļƒ. *€æ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Khette phal±ni corent² d±rik± kassaka½ disv± bh±yitv± dh±vitu½ ±rabhi.2. Buddhassa s±vakena desita½ dhamma½ sutv± yuvati sacca½ adhigantu½ icchant² amm±ya saddhi½ mantesi.3. Sayanta½ sunakha½ ±masant² kum±r² gehadv±re nisinn± hoti.4. R±jin² n±r²hi puµµhe pańhe vyakaront² sabh±ya½ nisinn± parisa½ ±mantetv± katha½ kathesi.5. Aµavi½ gantv± rukkha½ chinditv± s±kh±yo ±ka¹¹hantiyo itthiyo sig±le disv± bh±yi½su.6. Gehadv±re nis²ditv± dussa½ sibbant² bhagin² g²ta½ g±yati.ęĀć…. *€Ķ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’7. Asappuriso p±pakamm±ni paµicch±detv± up±sakehi saddhi½ sallapanto vih±rasmi½ ±sane nisinno hoti.8. S±takena veµhetv± nil²yita½ suvaŗŗa½ passitu½ ±kaŖkham±n± yuvati ovarakassa (room) dv±ra½ vivari.9. Sace tva½ mula½ vissajjetu½ iccheyy±si, m± vattha½ kiŗ±hi.10. Sace tumhe bh³p±lassa d³ta½ pesetha amacce pi ±rocetha.11. Kassako chinn± sakh±yo khettamh± n²haritv± aµaviya½ pakkhipi.12. Pokkaraŗiy± t²re (bank) µhatv± kadaliphala½ kh±dant² kańń± bhaginiy± dinna½ paduma½ gaŗhi. ÜĻƒķ‡. *€¹€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’13. Amh±ka½ (our) hatthap±desu v²sati (twenty) aŖguliyo santi.14. Rattiy± geh± nikkhamitu½ bh±yant² kańń± dv±ra½ na vivari.15. Sace tva½ yaµµhiy± kukkura½ pahareyy±si so ¹aseyya.16. Maya½ sappuris± bhavitu½ ±kaŖkham±n± samaŗe upasaŖkamma dhamma½ sutv± kusala½ k±tu½ ±rabhimha.17. P±pakammehi anubandhit± asappuris± cor± niraye (purgatory) uppajjitv± dukkha½ vindanti.18. M± puńńa½ parivajjetv± p±pa½ karotha, sace kareyy±tha manussalokamh± cavitv± dukkha½ vindissatha. ßć…ś‰. *€æ€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’19. Sace tumhe sagge uppajjitv± moditu½ patthetha puńń±ni karotha.20. Sacca½ ń±tu½ ussahant± br±hmaŗ± sah±yakehi saha mantayi½su.21. N±riy± pańjare (cage) pakkhitt± suk± kadaliphala½ kh±dant± nisinn± honti.22. Goŗa½ viheµhetu½ na icchanto v±ŗijo sakaµamh± bhaŗ¹±ni n²haritva bh³miya½ nikkhipitv± kassaka½ ±rocesi.23. Aµaviya½ viharant± mig± ca goŗ± ca var±h± ca s²hamh± bh±yanti.24. Samaŗ± saddh±ya up±sakehi dinna½ bhuńjitv± sacca½ adhigantu½ v±yamant± s²l±ni rakkhanti."ōķ‡Œ. *€é€PĄB‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚’25. Rattiy± nikkhant± doŗi nadi½ taritv± pabh±te (in the morning) d²pa½ p±puŗi.26. Gehassa ch±y±ya µhatv± d±rik±ya bh³miya½ nikkhitta½ odana½ sunakho kh±ditu½ ±rabhi.27. Bhariy±ya n±¼iy± mita½ dhańńa½ ±d±ya kassako ±paŗa½ gato hoti.28. U¹¹ente k±ke disv± v±luk±ya ca udakena ca k²¼ant² d±rik± hasam±n± dh±vi.29. Ratha½ p±jetu½ (to drive) uggaŗhanto puriso dakkho (clever) rath±cariyo bhavitu½ v±yami.30. Vivaµamh± dv±ramh± nikkhant± kum±r± pańjarehi mutt± sakuŗ± viya (like) uyy±na½ dh±vi½su.>ś‰ZŒ% €2€P䀂’5. Translate into P±li= Œ—Ž2 2€€PĄB‚€‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Seated on the bed the girl drank the milk given by her mother.2. Taking the pots (ghaµe) and talking the women went to the river to bring water.3. Without wishing to harass the bird the woman released him from the cage (pańjara).4. Unable (asakkoti) to pick the fruits from the tree the young girl called the farmer.5. There is no (natthi) milk in the bowl of the crying child.6. The girls who were singing under the tree started dancing.7. Being chased by the hunter and his dogs the deer ran into the forest.@ZŒćĄ0 .€!€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’8. Wishing to get profit the women sold garments in shops.9. In order to buy oil (tela) to light lamps the boy went from shop to shop.10. I gave the box to the girl sitting in the shade of the tree.11. The girls laughed pulling the creeper from the tree.12. They who oppress women and children are wicked men—ŽćĄ .13. We see with our eyes the rays of the sun falling on the ground.14. Hitting with a stick the woman killed the serpent entering the house.15. Putting fruits and flowers in boxes sisters sat at the open door.“‡—Ž—Ā- (€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚’16. If you will come out of water and protect the child I will step into the pond and bathe.17. We got angry with the women committing evil and left the hall.18. Do not shoot the cows and deer roaming in the park, the king and queen will get angry.19. May the king and his ministers not oppress the people living in the island.20. I gave rice to the starving dogs walking on the road.1 ćĄČĀ% €€‘€€‚’Lesson 22H#—ĀĆ% €F€P䀂’1. The Future Passive Participle·ŒČĀĒÄ+ $€€PĄB‚`€€ ‚’The future passive participle or the potential participle as it is sometimes called, is formed by adding -tabba / -an²ya to the base of the verb; -tabba is mostly added with the connecting vowel -i-. These participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter genders, and like ± ending nouns in the feminine. They express ideas such as 'must,' 'should be' and 'fit to be.'ˆ_ĆOÅ) "€¾€ą€ ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚’pacati- pacitabba / pacan²yabhuńjati- bhuńjitabba / bhojan²yakaroti- k±tabba / karaŗ²yaI$ĒĘÅ% €H€Pä€ ‚’2. Examples in sentence formationĀ‹OÅZĒ7 <€€ą€ ƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚’1. Amm± pacitabbam / pacan²ya½ taŗ¹ula½ (raw rice) piµake µhapesi.The mother kept the (raw) rice which is to be cooked in the basket.2. D±rik±ya bhuńjitabba½ / bhojan²ya½ odana½ aha½ na bhuńjiss±mi.I will not eat the rice which should be eaten by the girl.3. Kassakena k±tabba½ / karaŗ²ya½ kamma½ k±tu½ tva½ icchasi.You wish to do the work that should be done by the farmer.3˜ÅĒ% €€ ‚`€ ‚’Exercise 22AZĒĪĒ% €8€Pä€ ‚’3. Translate into English?Ē Ź1 0€€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’1. Up±sakehi samaŗ± vanditabb± honti.2. Mańj³s±ya½ nikkhipitabba½ suvaŗŗa½ m± mańcasmi½ µhapehi.3. Sappuris± p³jan²ye p³jenti, asappuris± tath± (likewise) na karonti.4. Bh³p±lena rakkhitabba½ d²pa½ amacc± na samm± (well) p±lenti.5. Manussehi dhammo uggaŗhitabbo, sacca½ adhigantabba½ hoti.6. Kum±r²hi ±haµ±ni pupph±ni udakena ±sińcitabb±ni honti.7. Corena gahita½ bhaginiy± dhana½ pariyesitabba½ hoti.8. Uyy±ne ropit± rukkh± na chinditabb± honti.9. Dhotabb±ni duss±ni gahetv± yuvatiyo hasam±n± pokkharaŗi½ otari½su.,üĪĒ9Ģ0 .€ł€PĄB‚€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’10. Samaŗehi ovaditabb± kum±r± vih±ram